{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:05:23Z","timestamp":1791389123131,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81571272 , 82071459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81571272 , 82071459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address the effects of high dose steroids on in-hospital infection and neurologic outcome in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients in West China Hospital, the Third Hospital of Mianyang and Mianyang Central Hospital between October 2011 and August 2020. The development of infections, inflammatory factors, neurologic outcome at discharge and risk factors for in-hospital infection were assessed in patients with and without high dose steroid therapy before and after immunotherapy. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and logistic regression models were established to assess risk factors for in-hospital infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 278 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included in the study. Thirty-four patients received high dose methylprednisolone (IVMP) therapy only, 84 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, and 160 patients received IVIG and IVMP therapy. Compared with the IVIG group, IVIG + IVMP group had a higher infection rate (64.38% vs 39.29%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001), a higher incidence of noninfectious complications (76.25% vs 61.90%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.018) and a higher modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge from the hospital (3 vs 2,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). Inflammatory indicators, including white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), were higher (9.93 vs 5.65, 6.94 vs 3.47 and 1.47 vs 0.70, respectively,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001) in the IVIG + IVMP group than in the IVIG group. Moreover, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was lower (2.20 vs 2.54,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.047) in the IVIG + IVMP group. The LASSO model showed that mRS score on admission, seizure, body temperature, uric acid (URIC), cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G (CSF IgG), NLR and LMR were risk factors for in-hospital infection. The prediction model exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.885.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High dose steroids therapy was significantly associated with higher in-hospital infectious complication rates and a poor short-term prognosis in relatively severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients. The established prediction model might be helpful to reduce the risk of in-hospital infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.774664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T04:54:45Z","timestamp":1639716885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High Dose Steroids as First-Line Treatment Increased the Risk of In-Hospital Infections in Patients With Anti-NMDAR 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