{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:08:11Z","timestamp":1791313691512,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005671","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa e \u00e0 Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica do Estado de Sergipe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19.203-00775\/2007-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19.203-00775\/2007-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.157436\/2017-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.157436\/2017-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This is a case series study to evaluate immunological markers associated with schistosomiasis advanced fibrosis, including 69 patients from an endemic area from the State of Sergipe and from the Hepatology Service of the University Hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Hepatic fibrosis was classified based on Niamey protocol for ultrasonography (US). Immune response to<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>antigens was evaluated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients with either adult worm (SWAP\u201410 \u03bcg\/ml) or egg (SEA\u201410 \u03bcg\/ml) antigens or purified protein derivative of turberculin (PPD\u201410 \u03bcg\/ml) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA\u20141 \u03bcg\/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in these supernatants by ELISA and IL-9 by Luminex. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in<jats:italic>IL-17<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>CD209<\/jats:italic>genes were genotyped using TaqMan probe by qPCR. Higher levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in PBMC supernatants of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Direct correlations were detected between IL-9 and IL-17 levels with US spleen sizes, portal vein diameters, and periportal thickening. The<jats:italic>CD209<\/jats:italic>rs2287886 AG polymorphism patients produce higher IL-17 levels. Together, these data suggest a role of these cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in human schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T07:54:27Z","timestamp":1639468467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Association of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Karine Garcez Schuster","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Jorge Ramalho","family":"de Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio Adriano","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Virg\u00ednia Vieira","family":"Rollemberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabricia Alvisi","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Vianey Callado","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla Nat\u00e1lia Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Sousa","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Anselmo","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico Santana","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Benevides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Carregaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Leite de Farias","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Alvarenga","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela Maria","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roque Pacheco","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Bezerra-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lia Ribeiro","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400121","article-title":"CD209a Expression on Dendritic Cells Is Critical for the Development of Pathogenic Th17 Cell Responses in Murine Schistosomiasis","volume":"192","author":"Ponichtera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010020","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Due to Schistosoma Mansoni Related Periportal Fibrosis\u202f: Could Early Diagnosis of Varices Improve the Outcome Following Available Treatment Modalities in Sub Saharan Africa\u202f? A Scoping Review","volume":"5","author":"Gunda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0838","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation\u202f: Mission Accomplished","volume":"103","author":"Bergquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3391-3397.2004","article-title":"Association of Type 2 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma Mansoni Infection","volume":"72","author":"de Jesus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02781","article-title":"Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Kamdem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00061","article-title":"Gong Q. T Lymphocyte-Mediated Liver Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02492","article-title":"Schistosoma \u201cEggs-Iting\u201d the Host: Granuloma Formation and Egg Excretion","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00026","article-title":"The C-Type Lectin Receptor-Driven , Pathology in Schistosomiasis: Not All Immune Responses to Helminth Parasites Are Th2 Dominated","volume":"10","author":"Kalantari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-11-10","article-title":"CXCR1 and SLC11A1polymorphisms Affect Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil: A Case-Control and Family-Based Study","volume":"11","author":"Castellucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505504","article-title":"IL6 -174 G\/C Promoter Polymorphism Influences Susceptibility to Mucosal But Not Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"194","author":"Castellucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020158","article-title":"CD209 and Not CD28 or STAT6 Polymorphism Mediates Clinical Malaria and Parasitemia Among Children From Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Morenikeji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01902.x","article-title":"Investigation of Promoter Variations in Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM3-Grabbing Non-Integrin (DC-SIGN) (CD209) and Their Relevance for Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Disease After Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Mezger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2014.0098","article-title":"Association of SNP (-G1082A) IL-10 With Increase in Severity of Periportal Fibrosis in Schistosomiasis, in the Northeast of Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-04991-6","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN Gene and Their Association With the Severity of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Enterovirus 71","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057149","article-title":"A Map of Human Genome Sequence Variation Containing 1.42 Million Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms","volume":"409","author":"Sachidanandam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis654","article-title":"T-Helper 17 Cells Are Associated With Pathology in Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"207","author":"Mbow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"49","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o De Pacientes Esquistossom\u00f3ticos Quanto Ao Conte\u00fado Mineral \u00d3sseo, N\u00edvel De Magn\u00e9sio Corporal Total E Atividade Da Enzima Lecitina: Colesterol Acetiltransferase Em P\u00f3s-Esplenectomizados Com Auto-Implante Espl\u00eanico","volume":"38","author":"Mesquita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-39842013000100006","article-title":"Aspectos Ultrassonogr\u00e1ficos Associados \u00c0 Morbidade De Formas Cl\u00ednicas Cr\u00f4nicas De Esquistossomose Mans\u00f4nica, Utilizando-Se Protocolo Proposto Pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial Da Sa\u00fade","volume":"46","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.2017v54n1-10","article-title":"New Index for the Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis in Schistosomiasis Mansoni","volume":"54","author":"Barreto na","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12987676649629","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Mansoni: Ultrasound-Evaluated Hepatic Fibrosis and Serum Concentrations of Hyaluronic Acid","volume":"105","author":"Davi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4389-z","article-title":"The WHO Ultrasonography Protocol for Assessing Morbidity Due to Schistosoma Haematobium . Acceptance and Evolution Over 14 Years . Systematic Review","volume":"114","author":"Akpata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107359","article-title":"Ultrasound Assessment of Schistosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1086\/324668","article-title":"Clinical and Immunologic Evaluation of 31 Patients With Acute Schistosomiasis Mansoni","volume":"185","author":"de Jesus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141265","article-title":"Soluble CD40 Ligand in Sera of Subjects Exposed to Leishmania Infantum Infection Reduces the Parasite Load in Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12558","article-title":"Distinct Roles of Th17 and Th1 Cells in Inflammatory Responses Associated With the Presentation of Paucibacillary Leprosy and Leprosy Reactions","volume":"86","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.2.753","article-title":"Anti-IL-4 Treatment of Schistosoma Mansoni-Infected Mice Inhibits Development of T Cells and Non-B, Non-T Cells Expressing Th2 Cytokines While Decreasing Egg-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis","volume":"153","author":"Cheever","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.12.7048","article-title":"Granuloma Eosinophils Enhance IL-5 Production by Lymphocytes From Mice Infected With Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"151","author":"Metwali","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020903","article-title":"Regulation and Function of the Interleukin 13 Receptor Alpha 2 During a T Helper Cell Type 2-Dominant Immune Response","volume":"197","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901504","article-title":"Genetic Control of Severe Egg-Induced Immunopathology and IL-17 Production in Murine Schistosomiasis","volume":"183","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101445","article-title":"The Pathogenic Th17 Cell Response to Major Schistosome Egg Antigen Is Sequentially Dependent on IL-23 and IL-1 \u03b2","volume":"187","author":"Shainheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.001.CD209a","article-title":"CD209a Synergizes With Dectin-2 and Mincle to Drive Severe Th17 Cell-Mediated Schistosome Egg-Induced Immunopathology","volume":"22","author":"Kalantari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007070","article-title":"A Secreted Schistosome Cathepsin B1 Cysteine Protease and Acute Schistosome Infection Induce a Transient T Helper 17 Response","volume":"13","author":"Soloviova","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420","article-title":"Filarial Lymphedema Is Characterized by Antigen- Specific Th1 and Th17 Proinflammatory Responses and a Lack of Regulatory T Cells","volume":"3","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2242-1","article-title":"Dynamics of Th9 Cells and Their Potential Role in Immunopathogenesis of Murine Schistosomiasis","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18694","article-title":"A Deleterious Role for Th9 \/ IL-9 in Hepatic Fibrogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.12.965","article-title":"Activin a and TGF- \u03b2 Promote T H 9 Cell \u2013 Mediated Pulmonary Allergic Pathology","volume":"129","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1462OC.IL-9","article-title":"IL-9 Governs Allergen-Induced Mast Cell Numbers in the Lung and Chronic Remodeling of the Airways","volume":"183","author":"Kearley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.07.014","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Levels of IL-9 and IL-17 in Human Schistosoma Mansoni Infection and Their Relationship With Periportal Fibrosis","volume":"221","author":"Barreto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6712","article-title":"Induction of Th2 Responses and Ige Is Largely Due to Carbohydrates Functioning as Adjuvants on Schistosoma Mansoni Egg Antigens","volume":"163","author":"Okano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.11.009","article-title":"Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni: Intensity of Infection Differentially Affects the Production of Interleukin-10, Interferon-Gamma and Interleukin-13 by Soluble Egg Antigen or Adult Worm Antigen Stimulated Cultures","volume":"98","author":"Silveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.08.008","article-title":"Accelerated and Progressive and Lethal Liver Fibrosis in Mice That Lack Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p40, and IL-13R \u03b12","volume":"141","author":"Il","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.9.4473","article-title":"IL-10 Regulates Liver Pathology in Acute Murine Schistosomiasis Mansoni But Is Not Required for Immune Down-Modulation of Chronic Disease","volume":"160","author":"Wynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100014","article-title":"Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis","volume":"85","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.90","article-title":"Type 2 Immunity in Tissue Repair and Fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Gieseck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"DC-SIGN and Immunoregulation","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.04.006","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Expression of the C-Type Lectin Receptor CD209a: A Novel Innate Parasite-Sensing Mechanism Inducing Th17 Cells That Drive Severe Immunopathology in Murine Schistosome Infection","volume":"176","author":"Possomato-Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400121.CD209a","article-title":"CD209a Expression on Dendritic Cells Is Critical for the Development of Pathogenic Th17 Cell Responses in Murine Schistosomiasis","volume":"23","author":"Logan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26376","article-title":"Studies of Murine Schistosomiasis Reveal Interleukin-13 Blockade as a Treatment for Established and Progressive Liver Fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01053-06","article-title":"Disruption of Interleukin-27 Signaling Results in Impaired Gamma Interferon Production But Does Not Significantly Affect Immunopathology in Murine Schistosome Infection","volume":"75","author":"Shainheit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0097","article-title":"Schistosoma Mansoni: Relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a to Morbidity and Collagen Deposition in Chronic Experimental Infection","volume":"84","author":"Adewusi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3920","article-title":"Severe CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immunopathology in Murine Schistosomiasis Is Dependent on IL-12p40 and Correlates With High Levels of IL-17","volume":"175","author":"Rutitzky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1992","article-title":"High Levels of TNF, Soluble TNF Receptors, Soluble ICAM-1, and IFN-Gamma, But Low Levels of IL-5, Are Associated With Hepatosplenic Disease in Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni","volume":"160","author":"Mwatha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.6.1145","article-title":"Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of and Protection Against Malaria","volume":"9","author":"Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779534\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T08:05:10Z","timestamp":1674029110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779534\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779534","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"article-number":"779534"}}