{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:58:19Z","timestamp":1791917899122,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV infection is associated with a wide range of changes in microbial communities and immune cell components of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral microbiome in relationship to oral neutrophils in HIV-infected compared to healthy individuals. We evaluated oral washes and saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals (n=52) and healthy controls (n=43). Using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, we found differential \u03b2-diversity using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) with Bray-Curtis distances. The \u03b1-diversity analysis by Faith\u2019s, Shannon, and observed OTUs indexes indicated that the saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals harbored significantly richer bacterial communities compared to the saliva samples from healthy individuals. Notably, we observed that five species of Spirochaeta including <jats:italic>Spirochaetaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Spirochaeta<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Treponema amylovorum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Treponema azotonutricum<\/jats:italic> were significantly abundant. In contrast, <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic> species were significantly reduced in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, we found a significant reduction in the frequency of oral neutrophils in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals, which was positively related to their CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell count. In particular, we noted a significant decline in CD44 expressing neutrophils and the intensity of CD44 expression on oral neutrophils of HIV-infected individuals. This observation was supported by the elevation of soluble CD44 in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Overall, the core oral microbiome was distinguishable between HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy compared to the HIV-negative group. The observed reduction in oral neutrophils might likely be related to the low surface expression of CD44, resulting in a higher bacterial diversity and richness in HIV-infected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T06:55:55Z","timestamp":1636440955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Differential Signature of the Microbiome and Neutrophils in the Oral Cavity of HIV-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eliana","family":"Perez Rosero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Jovel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conar R.","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon Lee","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokrollah","family":"Elahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12729","article-title":"The Oral Mucosa: A Barrier Site Participating in Tissue-Specific and Systemic Immunity","volume":"24","author":"Moutsopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The Human Oral Microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.012","article-title":"Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2338-2352.2006","article-title":"The Host Defense Peptide Beta-Defensin 1 Confers Protection Against Bordetella Pertussis in Newborn Piglets","volume":"74","author":"Elahi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600305","article-title":"Oral Mucosal Immunity and HIV\/SIV Infection","volume":"86","author":"L\u00fc","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.07.013","article-title":"Oral Mucosal Immunity","volume":"116","author":"Feller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00241","article-title":"HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Heron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200","article-title":"Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients Under Long-Term ART","volume":"11","author":"Zicari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2016.00228","article-title":"Mucosal Regulatory T Cells and T Helper 17 Cells in HIV-Associated Immune Activation","volume":"7","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13394","article-title":"Oral Manifestations of HIV: Can They be an Indicator of Disease Severity? (A Systematic Review)","volume":"26","author":"Indrastiti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12304","article-title":"Oral Innate Immunity in HIV Infection in HAART Era","volume":"45","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12598","article-title":"IL-17: Overview and Role in Oral Immunity and Microbiome","volume":"23","author":"Abusleme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHINTE.166.4.405","article-title":"Neutropenia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Data From the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"166","author":"Levine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00635","article-title":"Oral Neutrophils Characterized: Chemotactic, Phagocytic, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation Properties","volume":"10","author":"Moonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD-2018-11-844555","article-title":"Cross Talk Between Neutrophils and the Microbiota","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IT.2013.09.001","article-title":"Immunomicrobial Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: Keystones, Pathobionts, and Host Response","volume":"35","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571085","article-title":"The Neutrophil: Constant Defender and First Responder","volume":"11","author":"Fine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12451","article-title":"Human Neutrophils and Oral Microbiota: A Constant Tug-of-War Between a Harmonious and a Discordant Coexistence","volume":"273","author":"Uriarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3542","article-title":"The Microbiota Regulates Neutrophil Homeostasis and Host Resistance to Escherichia Coli K1 Sepsis in Neonatal Mice","volume":"20","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE15367","article-title":"Neutrophil Ageing Is Regulated by the Microbiome","volume":"525","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.03.005","article-title":"Aging: A Temporal Dimension for Neutrophils","volume":"37","author":"Adrover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.014","article-title":"Diabetes Enhances IL-17 Expression and Alters the Oral Microbiome to Increase Its Pathogenicity","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MSPHERE.00102-16","article-title":"Metabolic and Community Synergy of Oral Bacteria in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Flynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Medical Hypothesis Oral Bacteria in Pancreatic Cancer: Mutagenesis of the P53 Tumour Suppressor Gene","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6\u011frendik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1003933","article-title":"Oral Bacteria and Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Whitmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0200285","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome of HIV-Infected Subjects Is Associated With Clinical and Immunologic Variables of HIV Infection","volume":"13","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0200","article-title":"Oral Microbiome in HIV-Infected Women: Shifts in the Abundance of Pathogenic and Beneficial Bacteria Are Associated With Aging, HIV Load, CD4 Count, and Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Lewy","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02954-13","article-title":"HIV Infection and Microbial Diversity in Saliva","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55703-9","article-title":"Significant Effect of HIV\/HAART on Oral Microbiota Using Multivariate Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Griffen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001811","article-title":"Alterations in the Oral Microbiome in HIV-Infected Participants After Antiretroviral Therapy Administration Are Influenced by Immune Status","volume":"32","author":"Presti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000329672","article-title":"Neutrophils in Periodontal Inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontal Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x","article-title":"Microbial Shift and Periodontitis","volume":"55","author":"Berezow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-467-4_14","article-title":"Analysis of Neutrophil Polarization and Chemotaxis","volume":"412","author":"Lokuta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00068","article-title":"Interactions Between CD44 and Hyaluronan in Leukocyte Trafficking","volume":"6","author":"McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7594","article-title":"Role of CD44 and Hyaluronan in Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"173","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0622-5","article-title":"Intermediate Molecular Mass Hyaluronan and CD44 Receptor Interactions Enhance Neutrophil Phagocytosis and IL-8 Production via P38- and ERK1\/2-MAPK Signalling Pathways","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PBIO.3001387","article-title":"Neutrophils Promote T-Cell Activation Through the Regulated Release of CD44-Bound Galectin-9 From the Cell Surface During HIV Infection","volume":"19","author":"Dunsmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1832","article-title":"The Bitter Side of Sweet: The Role of Galectin-9 in Immunopathogenesis of Viral Infections","volume":"25","author":"Merani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-389585","article-title":"Galectin-9 Binding to Tim-3 Renders Activated Human CD4+ T Cells Less Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection","volume":"119","author":"Elahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901481","article-title":"Galectin-9 and VISTA Expression Define Terminally Exhausted T Cells in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"204","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MBIO.00384-21","article-title":"Galectin-9, a Player in Cytokine Release Syndrome and a Surrogate Diagnostic Biomarker in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"12","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002189","article-title":"Expanded Antigen-Experienced CD160+CD8+effector T Cells Exhibit Impaired Effector Functions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2016.23","article-title":"Oral Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Characteristics in Relation to Oral Health: A Cross-Sectional, Observational Clinical Study","volume":"8","author":"Rijkschroeff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.3823-3828.2004","article-title":"In Vivo Interleukin-6 Protects Neutrophils From Apoptosis in Osteomyelitis","volume":"72","author":"Asensi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.06.007","article-title":"The Role of TLRs in Neutrophil Activation","volume":"11","author":"Prince","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14622-14631.2005","article-title":"Neutrophils Interact With Adenovirus Vectors via Fc Receptors and Complement Receptor 1","volume":"79","author":"Cotter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-153","article-title":"Evidence of an Increased Pathogenic Footprint in the Lingual Microbiome of Untreated HIV Infected Patients","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.01034.x","article-title":"Subgingival Plaque Microbiota in HIV Positive Patients","volume":"34","author":"Aas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ODI.12392","article-title":"Modulation of the Orodigestive Tract Microbiome in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"22","author":"Saxena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1016OC","article-title":"Alterations in Oral Microbiota in HIV Are Related to Decreased Pulmonary Function","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110960","article-title":"Altered Salivary Microbiome in the Early Stage of Hiv Infections Among Young Chinese Men Who Have Sex With Men (Msm)","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5821","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005821","article-title":"Oral Microbiome in HIV-Associated Periodontitis","volume":"96","author":"Noguera-Julian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The Oral Microbiota: Dynamic Communities and Host Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22164","article-title":"Bacterial Diversity in Saliva and Oral Health-Related Conditions: The Hisayama Study","volume":"6","author":"Takeshita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep 2016 61"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2016.1206469","article-title":"The Respiratory Microbiome of HIV-Infected Individuals","volume":"14","author":"Lawani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030496","article-title":"Interconnections Between the Oral and Gut Microbiomes: Reversal of Microbial Dysbiosis and the Balance Between Systemic Health and Disease","volume":"9","author":"Khor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0103-7","article-title":"Human Microbiome and HIV\/AIDS","volume":"9","author":"Saxena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514537647","article-title":"Porphyromonas Gingivalis\u2013Mediated Epithelial Cell Entry of HIV-1","volume":"93","author":"Mantri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519831671","article-title":"Saccharibacteria (TM7) in the Human Oral Microbiome","volume":"98","author":"Bor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12296","article-title":"The Role of the Microbiota in Periodontal Disease","volume":"83","author":"Curtis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption of Host Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Publ Gr"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16222-8","article-title":"HIV-Associated Gut Dysbiosis is Independent of Sexual Practice and Correlates With Noncommunicable Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-018-0580-7","article-title":"An Exploration of Prevotella-Rich Microbiomes in HIV and Men Who Have Sex With Men","volume":"6","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome 2018 61"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EBIOM.2016.01.032","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Linked to Sexual Preference and HIV Infection","volume":"5","author":"Noguera-Julian","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002574","article-title":"High Abundance of Genus Prevotella Is Associated With Dysregulation of IFN-I and T Cell Response in HIV-1-Infected Patients","volume":"34","author":"Pinacchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000432","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiota and Susceptibility to HIV","volume":"28","author":"Buv\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090295","article-title":"Elizabethkingia Infections in Humans: From Genomics to Clinics","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12903-017-0361-X","article-title":"The Investigation of Helicobacter Pylori in the Dental Biofilm and Saliva Samples of Children With Dyspeptic Complaints","volume":"17","author":"B\u0131cak","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Heal 2017 171"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/950527","article-title":"Is the Presence of Helicobacter Pylori in the Dental Plaque of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Gastric Infection","volume":"23","author":"Al Asqah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01070-1","article-title":"Analysis of by High-Throughput Sequencing: Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Salivary Microbiome","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i2.641","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Colonization of the Oral Cavity: A Milestone Discovery","volume":"22","author":"Yee","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12131","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis in HIV-Infected Patients: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Nevin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2422","article-title":"Protective HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Evade T Reg Cell Suppression","volume":"17","author":"Elahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.05.003","article-title":"Association of HLA-Alleles With the Immune Regulation of Chronic Viral Infections","volume":"44","author":"Elahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1008696","article-title":"Selective Upregulation of CTLA-4 on CD8+ T Cells Restricted by HLA-B*35Px Renders Them to an Exhausted Phenotype in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"16","author":"Elahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833647a8","article-title":"Th17 Cells and HIV Infection","volume":"5","author":"Elhed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/S12026-011-8226-X","article-title":"IL-17 Signaling in Host Defense Against Candida Albicans","volume":"50","author":"Gaffen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00553-19","article-title":"The Msp Protein of Treponema Denticola Interrupts Activity of Phosphoinositide Processing in Neutrophils","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv159","article-title":"Intracellular Signalling During Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"107","author":"M\u00f3csai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0546","article-title":"Salivary Soluble CD44: A Potential Molecular Marker for Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Franzmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1368","article-title":"IL-6 is an Antiinflammatory Cytokine Required for Controlling Local or Systemic Acute Inflammatory Responses","volume":"101","author":"Xing","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.4.1496-1499.1993","article-title":"Protective Role of Interleukin 6 in the Lipopolysaccharide-Galactosamine Septic Shock Model","volume":"61","author":"Barton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00608-1","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Mediates Neutrophil Mobilization From Bone Marrow in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Florentin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123573","article-title":"Alarmin Function of Galectin-9 in Murine Respiratory Tularemia","volume":"10","author":"Steichen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24159","article-title":"The Protective Function of Galectin-9 in Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Hirao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01762","article-title":"The Sweet-Side of Leukocytes: Galectins as Master Regulators of Neutrophil Function","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780910\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T06:56:07Z","timestamp":1636440967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780910\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"article-number":"780910"}}