{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:45:01Z","timestamp":1790610301855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) in early childhood is often the initial manifestation of allergic disease associated with high IgE. Accumulating\u00a0evidences\u00a0show\u00a0that follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a critical role in promoting B cell differentiation and IgE production, human regulatory B (Breg) cells participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of allergic inflammation. However, the roles and interactions between IL-10-producing Breg cells and Tfh cells in childhood AD are unclear. In this study, we found that the percentage of CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-10<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Breg cells in children with extrinsic AD was significantly lower than that in age-matched healthy controls, and that it correlated negatively with enhanced CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>PD-1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> circulating Tfh cell responses and increased disease activity; however, there was no significant correlation with serum total IgE levels. A co-culture system revealed that Breg cells from patients with extrinsic AD cannot effectively inhibit differentiation of Tfh cells in an IL-10 dependent manner. Abnormal pSTAT3 signaling induced <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Toll-like receptors (TLR), but not the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, might contribute to the defect of Breg cells in AD. Taken together, these observations demonstrate an important role for IL-10-producing Breg cells in inhibiting Tfh cell differentiation, and suggest that they may participate in the pathogenesis of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T18:05:22Z","timestamp":1638381922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Crosstalk Between Circulating Follicular T Helper Cells and Regulatory B Cells in Children With Extrinsic Atopic 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