{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:27:06Z","timestamp":1792765626940,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) prevention remains the ultimate cost-effective method to reduce the global burden of invasive breast cancer (IBC). To date, surgery and chemoprevention remain the main risk-reducing modalities for those with hereditary cancer syndromes, as well as high-risk non-hereditary breast lesions such as ADH, ALH, or LCIS. Ductal carcinoma <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> (DCIS) is a preinvasive malignant lesion of the breast that closely mirrors IBC and, if left untreated, develops into IBC in up to 50% of lesions. Certain high-risk patients with DCIS may have a 25% risk of developing recurrent DCIS or IBC, even after surgical resection. The development of breast cancer elicits a strong immune response, which brings to prominence the numerous advantages associated with immune-based cancer prevention over drug-based chemoprevention, supported by the success of dendritic cell vaccines targeting HER2-expressing BC. Vaccination against BC to prevent or interrupt the process of BC development remains elusive but is a viable option. Vaccination to intercept preinvasive or premalignant breast conditions may be possible by interrupting the expression pattern of various oncodrivers. Growth factors may also function as potential immune targets to prevent breast cancer progression. Furthermore, neoantigens also serve as effective targets for interception by virtue of strong immunogenicity. It is noteworthy that the immune response also needs to be strong enough to result in target lesion elimination to avoid immunoediting as it may occur in IBC arising from DCIS. Overall, if the issue of vaccine targets can be solved by interrupting premalignant lesions, there is a potential to prevent the development of IBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.786286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:57:29Z","timestamp":1638313049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intercepting Premalignant, Preinvasive Breast Lesions Through Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nadia Nocera","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesan","family":"Ramamoorthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krithika N.","family":"Kodumudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagi B.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loretta","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Czerniecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Breast Cancer2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.19.3938","article-title":"Efficacy of Contralateralprophylactic Mastectomy in Women With a Personal and Family History of Breast Cancer","volume":"19","author":"McDonnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1407164","article-title":"Atypical Hyperplasia of the Breast\u2013Risk Assessment and Management Options","volume":"372","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2896-8","article-title":"Immune Cell Quantitation in Normal Breast Tissue Lobules With and Without Lobulitis","volume":"144","author":"Degnim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(01)00064-8","article-title":"Signaling Pathways in Mammary Gland Development","volume":"1","author":"Hennighausen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0052","article-title":"Restoring Anti-Oncodriver Th1 Responses With Dendritic Cell Vaccines in HER2\/neu-Positive Breast Cancer: Progress and Potential","volume":"8","author":"De La Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91618-0","article-title":"Incidence of De-Novo Breast Cancer in Women Chronically Immunosuppressed After Organ Transplantation","volume":"346","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1102-991","article-title":"Cancer Immunoediting: From Immunosurveillance to Tumor Escape","volume":"3","author":"Dunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.02.001","article-title":"Cancer Immunosurveillance, Immunoediting and Inflammation: Independent or Interdependent Processes","volume":"19","author":"Bui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1746","article-title":"Inflammation and Breast Cancer. 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