{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:21:10Z","timestamp":1792408870822,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010786","name":"Genome Atlantic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sea lice (\n                    <jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are ectoparasitic copepods that cause significant economic loss in marine salmoniculture. In commercial salmon farms, infestation with sea lice can enhance susceptibility to other significant pathogens, such as the highly contagious infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv). In this study, transcriptomic analysis was used to evaluate the impact of four experimental functional feeds (i.e. 0.3% EPA\/DHA+high-\u03c96, 0.3% EPA\/DHA+high-\u03c96+immunostimulant (IS), 1% EPA\/DHA+high-\u03c96, and 1% EPA\/DHA+high-\u03c93) on Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) during a single infection with sea lice (\n                    <jats:italic>L. salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and a co-infection with sea lice and ISAv. The overall objectives were to compare the transcriptomic profiles of skin between lice infection alone with co-infection groups and assess differences in gene expression response among animals with different experimental diets. Atlantic salmon smolts were challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>L. salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    following a 28-day feeding trial. Fish were then challenged with ISAv at 18 days post-sea lice infection (dpi), and maintained on individual diets, to establish a co-infection model. Skin tissues sampled at 33 dpi were subjected to RNA-seq analysis. The co-infection\u2019s overall survival rates were between 37%-50%, while no mortality was observed in the single infection with lice. With regard to the infection status, 756 and 1303 consensus differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the four diets were identified in \u201clice infection vs. pre-infection\u201d and \u201cco-infection vs. pre-infection\u201d groups, respectively, that were shared between the four experimental diets. The co-infection groups (co-infection vs. pre-infection) included up-regulated genes associated with glycolysis, the interferon pathway, complement cascade activity, and heat shock protein family, while the down-regulated genes were related to antigen presentation and processing, T-cell activation, collagen formation, and extracellular matrix. Pathway enrichment analysis conducted between infected groups (lice infection vs. co-infection) resulted in several immune-related significant GO terms and pathways unique to this group, such as \u201cautophagosome\u201d, \u201ccytosolic DNA-sensing pathway\u201d and \u201cresponse to type I interferons\u201d. Understanding how experimental functional feeds can impact the host response and the trajectory of co-infections will be an essential step in identifying efficacious intervention strategies that account for the complexities of disease in open cage culture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.787033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T08:55:52Z","timestamp":1641200152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Skin in Response to Sea Lice and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Co-Infection Under Different Experimental Functional Diets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umasuthan","family":"Navaneethaiyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Caballero-Solares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shona K.","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nellie","family":"Gagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago S.","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Balder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Rise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture","year":"2018"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2008.01011.x","article-title":"The Global Economic Cost of Sea Lice to the Salmonid Farming Industry","volume":"32","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0","article-title":"Host Gill Attachment Causes Blood-Feeding by the Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus Salmonis) Chalimus Larvae and Alters Parasite Development and Transcriptome","volume":"13","author":"Heggland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.08.019","article-title":"Fish Immune Responses to Parasitic Copepod (Namely Sea Lice) Infection","volume":"43","author":"Fast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213232","article-title":"Sea Lice, Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Kroyer 1837), Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) 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