{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:57:37Z","timestamp":1771660657371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002403","name":"Taibah University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationships of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination with reactogenicity and the humoral immune response are important to study. The current study aimed to assess the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines among adults in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study, including 365 randomly selected adult Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine recipients who received a homologous prime-boost vaccination between February 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> and June 30<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 2021. Data of height and weight were collected to assess the weight status of percipients. An evaluation of seropositivity for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the participants, 69% (n = 250) reported at least one vaccine-related symptom. Pain at the injection site was the most frequently reported vaccine-related symptom. The mean total score for vaccine-related symptoms was significantly higher among participants who received the AstraZeneca vaccine, women, and participants with no previous COVID-19 infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Spike-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 98.9% of participants after the receipt of two vaccine doses, including 99.5% of Pfizer vaccine recipients and 98.3% of AstraZeneca vaccine recipients. Significantly, higher proportions of participants in the &amp;lt;35-year age group developed a humoral immune response after the first vaccine dose compared with the participants in other age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants who received the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine reported fewer vaccine-related complications compared with those who received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, but no serious side effects were reported in response to either vaccine. Health status and age were factors that may influence COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for the generation of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T23:51:51Z","timestamp":1638402711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Waleed H.","family":"Mahallawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Mumena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.24865","article-title":"COVID-19 as the Leading Cause of Death in the United States","volume":"325","author":"Woolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216086","article-title":"Patient Outcomes After Hospitalisation With COVID-19 and Implications for Follow-Up: Results From a Prospective UK Cohort","volume":"76","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n83","article-title":"Are Overwhelmed Health Systems an Inevitable Consequence of Covid-19? Experiences From China, Thailand, and New York State","volume":"372","author":"Tangcharoensathien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Administered in a Prime-Boost Regimen in Young and Old Adults (COV002): A Single-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Phase 2\/3 Trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.22.389056","article-title":"Stable Neutralizing Antibody Levels Six Months After Mild and Severe COVID-19 Episode","volume":"2","author":"Pradenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030249","article-title":"Self-Reported Real-World Safety and Reactogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Vaccine Recipient Survey","volume":"11","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1283","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity Among US Health Care Personnel","volume":"4","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 Ncov-19 Vaccine (AZD1222) Against SARS-CoV-2: An Interim Analysis of Four Randomised Controlled Trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102119","article-title":"Launching COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia: Lessons Learned, and the Way Forward","volume":"43","author":"Assiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020147","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines: Immunological Mechanism and Beyond","volume":"9","author":"Bettini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1865774","article-title":"Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Systematic Review for Potential Vaccines","volume":"5","author":"Bhatta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5374","article-title":"Reactogenicity Following Receipt of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines","volume":"325","author":"Chapin-Bardales","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.052","article-title":"Safety and Reactogenicity of the ChAdOx1 (AZD1222) COVID-19 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia","volume":"110","author":"Al Bahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2020.11.011","article-title":"A Serological Assay to Detect Human SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies","volume":"16","author":"Mahallawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101089","article-title":"Association Between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity After Vaccination With BNT162b2","volume":"9","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.28.2100634","article-title":"Real-World Data Shows Increased Reactogenicity in Adults After Heterologous Compared to Homologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccination, March-June 2021, England","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01325-6","article-title":"Antibody Responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Individuals Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Ebinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.6.2100096","article-title":"Impact of Age, Ethnicity, Sex and Prior Infection Status on Immunogenicity Following a Single Dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: Real-World Evidence From Healthcare Workers, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021","volume":"26","author":"Abu Jabal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00558-2","article-title":"Hospitalisation Among Vaccine Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections","volume":"21","author":"Juthani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab381","article-title":"Age-Dependent Immune Response to the Biontech\/Pfizer BNT162b2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11656","article-title":"Age-Dependent Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and P.1 Variant by Vaccine Immune Serum Samples","volume":"326","author":"Bates","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.23.21259389","article-title":"Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis on Anti-CD20 Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040622319878997","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319878997","article-title":"The Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight, Associated Demographic and Lifestyle Factors, and Health Status in the Adult Population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Al-Raddadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030311","article-title":"Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: Prevalence, Distribution, and Its Current Association With Various Health Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Althumiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.619850","article-title":"The Burden of Malnutrition and Fatal COVID-19: A Global Burden of Disease Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794642\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T23:51:53Z","timestamp":1638402713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794642\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"article-number":"794642"}}