{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1787483222474,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute liver injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome with high mortality and lacks effective therapies. Rodents under LPS (lipopolysaccharide)\/D-Gal (D-galactosamine) stress mimic ALI by presenting dramatically increased inflammation and cell death in the liver. <jats:italic>Euglena gracilis<\/jats:italic>, functioning like dietary fiber, is commonly used as a paramylon (Pa)-rich nutritional supplement that has various biological effects such as regulating immune system, anti-obesity, and anti-tumor. Here, we found that Pa or sonicated and alkalized paramylon (SA-Pa) alleviated the LPS\/D-Gal-induced hepatic histopathological abnormalities in mice. Compared with Pa, SA-Pa had lower molecular weights\/sizes and showed better efficacy in alleviating injury-induced hepatic functions, as well as the transcriptional levels of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, SA-Pa treatment promoted M2 macrophage activation that enhanced the anti-inflammatory function in the liver, and downregulated STAT3 target genes, such as <jats:italic>Fos, Jun<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Socs3<\/jats:italic> upon the injury. Meanwhile, SA-Pa treatment also alleviated apoptosis and necroptosis caused by the injury. Our results demonstrated that SA-Pa efficiently protected the liver from LPS\/D-Gal-induced ALI by alleviating inflammation and cell death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T05:33:27Z","timestamp":1641879207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Paramylon from Euglena gracilis Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver 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