{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:03:51Z","timestamp":1792796631089,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increased exposure to household air pollution and ambient air pollution has become one of the world\u2019s major environmental health threats. In developing and developed countries, environmental cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is one of the main sources of household air pollution (HAP). Moreover, results from different epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that there is a strong association between HAP, specifically CS exposure, and the development of allergic diseases that often persists into later life. Here, we investigated the impact of prenatal and postnatal CS exposure on offspring susceptibility to the development of allergic airway responses by using a preclinical mouse model. Pregnant BALB\/c mice were exposed to either CS or air during pregnancy and lactation and in order to induce allergic asthma the offspring were sensitized and challenged with house dust mite (HDM). Decreased lung function parameters, like dynamic compliance and pleural pressure, were observed in PBS-treated offspring born to CS-exposed mothers compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. Maternal CS exposure significantly increased the HDM-induced airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia in the offspring. Prenatal and postnatal CS exposure increased the frequency of Th2 cells in the lungs of HDM-treated offspring compared to offspring born to air-exposed mothers. Offspring born to CS-exposed mothers showed increased levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. Ex-vivo restimulation of lung cells isolated from HDM-treated offspring born to CS-exposed mothers also resulted in increased IL-4 production. Finally, serum immunoglobulins levels of HDM-specific IgE and HDM-specific IgG1 were significantly increased upon a HDM challenge in offspring born to CS-exposed mothers compared to offspring from air-exposed mothers. In summary, our results reveal a biological plausibility for the epidemiological studies indicating that prenatal and postnatal CS exposure increases the susceptibility of offspring to allergic immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T05:15:26Z","timestamp":1640236526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prenatal and Postnatal Cigarette Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Increased Risk of Exacerbated Allergic Airway Immune Responses: A Preclinical Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Janbazacyabar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"van Bergenhenegouwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"Leusink-Muis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid van","family":"Ark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marthe T.","family":"van Daal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Braber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Asthma"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.07.010","article-title":"The Allergic Cascade: Review of the Most Important Molecules in the Asthmatic Lung","volume":"113","author":"Bloemen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17508810","article-title":"Is the Increase in Childhood Asthma Coming to an End? Findings From Three Surveys of Schoolchildren in Rome, Italy","volume":"17","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30046-4","article-title":"Global, National, and Urban Burdens of Paediatric Asthma Incidence Attributable to Ambient NO2 Pollution: Estimates From Global Datasets","volume":"3","author":"Achakulwisut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Heal"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00913-2019","article-title":"Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Childhood Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis and Eczema","volume":"55","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07204","article-title":"The Development of Allergic Inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00038","article-title":"Why Do Intrauterine Exposure to Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke Increase the Risk of Asthma","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00471","article-title":"Paternal Tobacco Smoke Correlated to Offspring Asthma and Prenatal Epigenetic Programming","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24961","article-title":"The Association Between Secondhand Smoke and Childhood Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Risk of Development of Childhood Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000644","article-title":"Asthma and Air Pollution: Recent Insights in Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications","volume":"26","author":"Bontinck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.008","article-title":"Full-Chain Health Impact Assessment of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma","volume":"114","author":"Khreis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902925116","article-title":"Adverse Organogenesis and Predisposed Long-Term Metabolic Syndrome From Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30223-7","article-title":"National, Regional, and Global Prevalence of Smoking During Pregnancy in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq381","article-title":"Estimates of Nondisclosure of Cigarette Smoking Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Reproductive Age in the United States","volume":"173","author":"Dietz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-6-35","article-title":"Tobacco Smoke Particles and Indoor Air Quality (ToPIQ) - The Protocol of a New Study","volume":"6","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.163","article-title":"Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Health Effects and Policies to Reduce Exposure","volume":"18","author":"Brownson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018574","article-title":"Detrimental Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Relation to Asthma Severity","volume":"6","author":"Comhair","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s6891","article-title":"Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Asthma in Adults","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02941.x","article-title":"Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Perinatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"118","author":"Crane","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000455140","article-title":"Effects of In Utero and Postnatal Exposure to Secondhand Smoke on Lung Function by Gender and Asthma Status: The Seven Northeastern Cities (SNEC) Study","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005404","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005404","article-title":"The First 1000 Days of Life: Prenatal and Postnatal Risk Factors for Morbidity and Growth in a Birth Cohort in Southern India","volume":"4","author":"Kattula","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.013","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the \u201cFirst 1000 Days","volume":"175","author":"Cusick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Ross M. Particulate Matter-Induced Health Effects: Who Is Susceptible","volume":"119","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307541","article-title":"Evaluating Potential Response-Modifying Factors for Associations Between Ozone and Health Outcomes: A Weight-of-Evidence Approach","volume":"122","author":"Vinikoor-Imler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2012-0024","article-title":"Special Vulnerability of Children to Environmental Exposures","volume":"27","author":"Leith Sly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1804868","article-title":"Early-Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Childhood Allergic Diseases: An Update on the Link and Its Implications","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963","article-title":"Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Preschoolers","volume":"286","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00386-8","article-title":"Translocation of (Ultra)Fine Particles and Nanoparticles Across the Placenta; A Systematic Review on the Evidence of In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies","volume":"17","author":"Bongaerts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142235","article-title":"Evidence for the Presence of Air Pollution Nanoparticles in Placental Tissue Cells","volume":"751","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci\u00a0Total Environ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2017.1343875","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Inhaled During Pregnancy Reach and Affect the Placenta and the Foetus","volume":"11","author":"Campagnolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0501OC","article-title":"Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Asthma in Preschool Children: A Pooled Analysis of Eight Birth Cohorts","volume":"186","author":"Neuman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00042-2016","article-title":"Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Its Influence on Childhood Asthma","volume":"2","author":"Zacharasiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00453-2021","article-title":"Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Risk of Asthma and Allergy Outcomes in Childhood","volume":"2100453","author":"Sunde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24574-x","article-title":"Chow CW. A 4-Week Model of House Dust Mite (HDM) Induced Allergic Airways Inflammation With Airway Remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122980","article-title":"Potential Mechanisms of T Cell-Mediated and Eosinophil-Independent Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness","volume":"20","author":"Saeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.680902","article-title":"The Effects of Maternal Smoking on Pregnancy and Offspring: Possible Role for EGF","volume":"9","author":"Janbazacyabar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Pulmonary Compliance","volume-title":"In: StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Desai","year":"2021"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00304.2010","article-title":"Female Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Emphysema in Mice Is Associated With Prolyl Endopeptidase, an Enzyme Involved in Collagen Breakdown","volume":"300","author":"Braber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01045","article-title":"Raw Cow\u2019s Milk Prevents the Development of Airway Inflammation in a Murine House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Model","volume":"8","author":"Abbring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02419","article-title":"The Combination Therapy of Dietary Galacto-Oligosaccharides With Budesonide Reduces Pulmonary Th2 Driving Mediators and Mast Cell Degranulation in a Murine Model of House Dust Mite Induced Asthma","volume":"9","author":"Verheijden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.05.017","article-title":"Allergy and Asthma: Effects of the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Biological Allergens","volume":"109","author":"Baldacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2011.26.3.262","article-title":"Impact of Air Pollution on Allergic Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Takizawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1999.tb04383.x","article-title":"The Environmental Influence on Childhood Asthma","volume":"54","author":"Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.13","article-title":"Mechanistic Impact of Outdoor Air Pollution on Asthma and Allergic Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Summary and Analysis","year":"1987"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2196","article-title":"Prenatal and Passive Smoke Exposure and Incidence of Asthma and Wheeze: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"129","author":"Burke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10081774","article-title":"In Utero Exposure to Cigarette Smoking Influences Lung Function at Birth","volume":"10","author":"L\u00f8drup Carlsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200901","article-title":"The Association Between Tobacco and the Risk of Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis and Eczema in Children and Adolescents: Analyses From Phase Three of the ISAAC Programme","volume":"67","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0427","article-title":"Pre- and Postnatal Exposure to Parental Smoking and Allergic Disease Through Adolescence","volume":"134","author":"Thacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.2004178","article-title":"Effects of In Utero and Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Lung Function in Boys and Girls With and Without Asthma","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.06.006","article-title":"Orchestrating House Dust Mite-Associated Allergy in the Lung","volume":"32","author":"Gregory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0171-0","article-title":"Dietary Galacto-Oligosaccharides Prevent Airway Eosinophilia and Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Model","volume":"16","author":"Verheijden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.014464","article-title":"Biosignature for Airway Inflammation in a House Dust Mite-Challenged Murine Model of Allergic Asthma","volume":"5","author":"Piyadasa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-017-0212-6","article-title":"Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Predisposes Offspring Mice to Exacerbated Allergic Airway Inflammation Associated With Altered Innate Effector Function","volume":"14","author":"Ferrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22097","article-title":"Prenatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Increases Allergic Asthma Risk With Methylation Changes in Mice","volume":"58","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-114","article-title":"Treatment of Allergic Asthma: Modulation of Th2 Cells and Their Responses","volume":"12","author":"Bosnjak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820131003615498","article-title":"Emerging Roles of T Helper Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Asthma","volume":"39","author":"Durrant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.63609","article-title":"Role Played by Th2 Type Cytokines in IgE Mediated Allergy and Asthma","volume":"27","author":"Deo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6833","article-title":"Biomarkers in Maternal and Newborn Blood Indicate Heightened Fetal Susceptibility to Procarcinogenic DNA Damage","volume":"112","author":"Perera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3573","article-title":"Critical Windows of Exposure for Children\u2019s Health: Cancer in Human Epidemiological Studies and Neoplasms in Experimental Animal Models","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490812300105","article-title":"Reducing Levels of Toxic Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke: A New Healthy People 2010 Objective","volume":"123","author":"Richter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.10.003","article-title":"Review: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)-Action on Placental Function and Health Risks in Future Life of Newborns","volume":"411","author":"Drwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-101","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Fetal Growth and Development in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Venditti","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/687975","article-title":"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning During Pregnancy: Presentation of a Rare Severe Case With Fetal Bladder Complications","volume":"2015","author":"Delomenie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5742","article-title":"Effects of Transplacental Exposure to Environmental Pollutants on Birth Outcomes in a Multiethnic Population","volume":"111","author":"PF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000457063","article-title":"Extent of Nicotine and Cotinine Transfer to the Human Fetus, Placenta and Amniotic Fluid of Smoking Mothers","volume":"8","author":"Luck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(98)00522-0","article-title":"Transplacental Transfer and Biotransformation Studies of Nicotine in the Human Placental Cotyledon Perfused In Vitro","volume":"63","author":"Pastrakuljic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2007.11.001","article-title":"GC-MS Determined Cotinine in an Epidemiological Study on Smoking Status at Delivery","volume":"21","author":"de Chazeron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.017","article-title":"High Cotinine Levels are Persistent During the First Days of Life in Newborn Second Hand Smokers","volume":"134","author":"Ivorra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.028","article-title":"Regulatory Effect of Nicotine on the Differentiation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"831","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301ra129","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3142","article-title":"TH2 and TH17 Inflammatory Pathways are Reciprocally Regulated in Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Choy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803868","article-title":"A Functional IL-13 Receptor is Expressed on Polarized Murine CD4+ Th17 Cells and IL-13 Signaling Attenuates Th17 Cytokine Production","volume":"182","author":"Newcomb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.043","article-title":"Human TH17 Cells Express a Functional IL-13 Receptor and IL-13 Attenuates IL-17A Production","volume":"127","author":"Newcomb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S14911","article-title":"Lung Injury After Cigarette Smoking Is Particle Related","volume":"6","author":"Sangani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-8522(60)90037-4","article-title":"Measurement of the Particle Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by the \u201cConifuge","volume":"15","author":"Keith","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Colloid Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02096E","article-title":"Translocation of Silver Nanoparticles in the Ex Vivo Human Placenta Perfusion Model Characterized by Single Particle ICP-MS","volume":"10","author":"Vidmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12017","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter Induces Airway Inflammation by Disturbing the Balance Between Th1\/Th2 and Regulation of GATA3 and Runx3 Expression in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"23","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.038","article-title":"History of Interleukin-4","volume":"75","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/rr40","article-title":"Th2 Cytokines and Asthma. Interleukin-4: Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Asthma, and Targeting it for Asthma Treatment With Interleukin-4 Receptor Antagonists","volume":"2","author":"Steinke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2213","article-title":"An Interleukin 4 (IL-4) Mutant Protein Inhibits Both IL-4 or IL-13-Induced Human Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgE Synthesis and B Cell Proliferation: Support for a Common Component Shared by IL-4 and IL-13 Receptors","volume":"178","author":"Aversa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1565","article-title":"Simultaneous Disruption of Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Defines Individual Roles in T Helper Cell Type 2-Mediated Responses","volume":"189","author":"McKenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3730","article-title":"Interleukin 13 Induces Interleukin 4-Independent IgG4 and IgE Synthesis and CD23 Expression by Human B Cells","volume":"90","author":"Punnonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-0496(199706)23:6<417::aid-ppul4>3.0.co;2-f","article-title":"Urinary Cotinine and Parent History (Questionnaire) as Indicators of Passive Smoking and Predictors of Lower Respiratory Illness in Infants","volume":"23","author":"Margolis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.8.786","article-title":"Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Early Life","volume":"62","author":"Taylor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.5.358","article-title":"Parental Smoking and Respiratory Illness in Infancy","volume":"55","author":"Fergusson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1978.tb17813.x","article-title":"Relationship of Maternal Smoking to Morbidity and Mortality of the Child Up to the Age of Five","volume":"67","author":"Rantakallio","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2016.08.005","article-title":"Pulmonary Effects of Maternal Smoking on the Fetus and Child: Effects on Lung Development, Respiratory Morbidities, and Life Long Lung Health","volume":"21","author":"McEvoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B89","article-title":"The Physical Properties of the Lungs in Relation to the Subdivisions of Lung Volume","volume":"16","author":"Marshall","year":"1957","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90100-5","article-title":"Pulmonary Mechanics. A Unified Analysis of the Relationship Between Pressure, Volume and Gasflow in the Lungs of Normal and Diseased Human Subjects","volume":"29","author":"Fry","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.05.003","article-title":"Techniques for Assessing Small Airways Function: Possible Applications in Asthma and COPD","volume":"119","author":"Konstantinos Katsoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B92","article-title":"Physiology, Lung Compliance","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Edwards","year":"2021"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1087","article-title":"In Utero and Postnatal Effects of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Lung Function, Hyperresponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine Cells in Rats","volume":"132","author":"Joad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21153","article-title":"Effects of Nicotine on Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins A and D in Ovine Lung Epithelia","volume":"45","author":"Lazic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20116","article-title":"Nicotine and Lung Development","volume":"84","author":"Maritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today Rev"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.90","article-title":"Type 2 Immunity in Tissue Repair and Fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Gieseck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0474OC","article-title":"Persistent Effects Induced by IL-13 in the Lung","volume":"35","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16815","article-title":"Adenosine Mediates IL-13-Induced Inflammation and Remodeling in the Lung and Interacts in an IL-13-Adenosine Amplification Pathway","volume":"112","author":"Blackburn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00068712","article-title":"Interleukin-13 Induces Collagen Type-1 Expression Through Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 in Airway Fibroblasts in Asthma","volume":"43","author":"Firszt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-157","article-title":"The Effect of Interleukin-13 (IL-13) and Interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) on Expression of Surfactant Proteins in Adult Human Alveolar Type II Cells In Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.10.009","article-title":"Gender Effect on In Vitro Lymphocyte Subset Levels of Healthy Individuals","volume":"272","author":"Abdullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430031","article-title":"Consistent Production of a Higher TH1:TH2 Cytokine Ratio by Stimulated T Cells in Men Compared With Women","volume":"143","author":"Gir\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":AB75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.12.292","article-title":"Female Mice Have Increased House Dust Mite Induced Airway Inflammation Compared to Male Mice","volume":"139","author":"Fuseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797376\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T05:15:38Z","timestamp":1640236538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797376\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797376","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"article-number":"797376"}}