{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:08:33Z","timestamp":1782410913287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva serve as first line of defense against the virus. They are present in the mucosa, more precisely in saliva, after a recovered infection and also following vaccination. We report here the antibody persistence in plasma and in saliva up to 15 months after mild COVID-19. The IgG antibody response was measured every two months in 72 participants using an established and validated in-house ELISA assay. In addition, the virus inhibitory activity of plasma antibodies was assessed in a surrogate virus neutralization test before and after vaccination. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody concentrations remained stable in plasma and saliva and the response was strongly boosted after one dose COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.798859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T07:13:07Z","timestamp":1639033987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Are Persisting in Saliva for More Than 15 Months After Infection and Become Strongly Boosted After Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yudi T.","family":"Pinilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Heinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena-Fabienne","family":"Caminada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Consolaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Esen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kreidenweiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Fendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00575-4","article-title":"Assessment of Protection Against Reinfection With SARS-CoV-2 Among 4 Million PCR-Tested Individuals in Denmark in 2020: A Population-Level Observational Study","volume":"397","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological Memory to SARS-CoV-2 Assessed for Up to 8 Months After Infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0367","article-title":"Persistence and Decay of Human Antibody Responses to the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"5","author":"Iyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611337","article-title":"Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected But Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2006.12.010","article-title":"A Focused Salivary Gland Infection With Attenuated MCMV: An Animal Model With Prevention of Pathology Associated With Systemic MCMV Infection","volume":"82","author":"Pilgrim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-244178","article-title":"Protective MCMV Immunity by Vaccination of the Salivary Gland via Wharton\u2019s Duct: Replication-Deficient Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing Individual MCMV Genes Elicits Protection Similar to That of MCMV","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6","article-title":"The Human Antibody Response to Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618685.eCollection2020","article-title":"Correlated Studies of a Recombinant Influenza-Virus Vaccine. 3. 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