{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:21:01Z","timestamp":1792873261339,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy triggers an alteration of the immune functions and increases the risk of developing the active tuberculosis (TB) symptoms in exposed women. The effect of pregnancy on the <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis-<\/jats:italic>specific immune responses used for most of the TB immunodiagnostic assays is not well documented. Here we investigated the changes in the <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-specific IFN-\u03b3 production in age-matched pregnant and non-pregnant women according to their TB exposition status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study on HIV-seronegative pregnant and non-pregnant women with compatible pulmonary TB symptoms addressed to TB healthcare facilities in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Active pulmonary TB was bacteriologically assessed with culture from sputum samples. Clinical data and blood samples were collected at inclusion and after 6 months of follow-up for each individual included. Whole blood samples were stimulated with QuantiFERON TB-Gold Plus (QFT-P) assay antigens. Plasma IFN-\u03b3 concentrations were then assessed by ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 284 women were investigated for the study including 209 pregnant women without confirmed TB (pNTB), 24 pregnant women with bacteriologically confirmed active TB (pATB), 16 non-pregnant women with active TB (ATB), and 35 non-pregnant healthy donors (HC). <\/jats:p><jats:p>At inclusion, IFN-\u03b3 responses are lower in the pregnant women compared to their age-matched non-pregnant counterparts and independently of their TB status. Among the pregnant women, higher concentrations of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-specific IFN-\u03b3 were observed in those exposed to TB, but with a lower magnitude in the active TB compared to the latently infected pregnant women (p &amp;lt; 0.05 with TB1 and p &amp;lt; 0.01 with TB2). After 6 months of follow-up, the <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-specific IFN-\u03b3 responses return to their baseline concentrations except for the pregnant women treated for TB for which none of the QFT-P positive reversed to negative (0%, 0\/10) at the end of their TB\u00a0treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results support the concept of specific immune priorities characterized by a concomitant reduction in inflammatory immunity during pregnancy and corroborate the important role of activating the <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis-<\/jats:italic>specific immune responses to control the infection when the pregnant women are exposed to the pathogen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.805157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T05:20:53Z","timestamp":1640150453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Longitudinal Variations of M. tuberculosis-Induced IFN-\u03b3 Responses in HIV-Negative Pregnant Women Exposed to Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Ranaivomanana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rila","family":"Ratovoson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crisca","family":"Razafimahatratra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arimanitra","family":"Razafimahefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perlinot","family":"Herindrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Rakotonirina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niaina","family":"Rakotosamimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"WHO 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