{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:23:32Z","timestamp":1793899412446,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The resistance of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> to vancomycin depends on its peptidoglycan composition. Vancomycin has poor binding affinity with peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-alanyl-D-lactate (D-Ala-D-Lac) but binds strongly to peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-alanyl-D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala), resulting in resistance and sensitivity, respectively. The ligase Ddl, which generates D-Ala-D-Lac or D-Ala-D-Ala incorporated into the peptidoglycan precursor chain, is responsible for this specificity. To study the effect of peptidoglycan precursors on immunity, we constructed several strains of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic> expressing the <jats:italic>ddl<\/jats:italic> gene of <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic> to change their peptidoglycan precursors. The change in the termini of the peptidoglycan precursors was determined by the sensitivity of the strains to vancomycin. The overexpression of <jats:italic>ddl<\/jats:italic> increased the susceptibility of the strains to vancomycin. We further explored the regulation of the macrophage inflammatory response pathway by the wild-type and constructed strains, and found that these strains induced the MyD88-dependent TRAF6\/MAPK pathway, and the increase in D-Ala <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic> peptidoglycan precursors increased the secretion of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. These results indicate that D-Ala-ended peptidoglycan precursors play a central role in the variable immunomodulatory ability of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.825825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T05:38:40Z","timestamp":1642570720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effect of D-Ala-Ended Peptidoglycan Precursors on the Immune Regulation of Lactobacillus plantarum 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