{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:00:05Z","timestamp":1793037605480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can improve survival of patients with malignant tumors, however, the ICI treatment is associated with unpredictable toxicity as immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Here we report two cases of metastatic malignant gastrointestinal tumors where severe immune-mediated hepatotoxicity (IMH) developed, characterized by liver failure, after the ICI therapy. Through a strong immunosuppressive treatment and a non-biological artificial liver and supportive treatment, the liver function was restored in both cases, and the anti-tumor treatment effect was guaranteed. These results showed that the non-biological artificial liver could be capable of improve prognosis during the ICI therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1001823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T07:27:51Z","timestamp":1662103671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Application of artificial liver in immune-related liver injury induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor: Case reports and review of the 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