{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:01:56Z","timestamp":1779296516921,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 shares homology and cross-reacts with vaccines, other viruses, common bacteria and many human tissues. We were inspired by these findings, firstly, to investigate the reaction of SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody with different pathogens and vaccines, particularly DTaP. Additionally, since our earlier studies have shown immune reactivity by antibodies made against pathogens and autoantigens towards different food antigens, we also studied cross-reaction between SARS-CoV-2 and common foods. For this, we reacted monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein with 15 different bacterial and viral antigens and 2 different vaccines, BCG and DTaP, as well as with 180 different food peptides and proteins. The strongest reaction by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were with DTaP vaccine antigen, <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, roasted almond, broccoli, soy, cashew, \u03b1+\u03b2 casein and milk, pork, rice endochitinase, pineapple bromelain, and lentil lectin. Because the immune system tends to form immune responses towards the original version of an antigen that it has encountered, this cross-reactivity may have its advantages with regards to immunity against SARS-CoV-2, where the SARS-CoV-2 virus may elicit a \u201cremembered\u201d immune response because of its structural similarity to a pathogen or food antigen to which the immune system was previously exposed. Our findings indicate that cross-reactivity elicited by DTaP vaccines in combination with common herpesviruses, bacteria that are part of our normal flora such as <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, and foods that we consume on a daily basis should be investigated for possible cross-protection against COVID-19. Additional experiments would be needed to clarify whether or not this cross-protection is due to cross-reactive antibodies or long-term memory T and B cells in the blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1003094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:29:33Z","timestamp":1663907373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reaction of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with other pathogens, vaccines, and food antigens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aristo","family":"Vojdani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elroy","family":"Vojdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley 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