{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:55:43Z","timestamp":1788994543869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Haemodialysis patients respond poorly to vaccination and continue to be at-risk for severe COVID-19. Therefore, dialysis patients were among the first for which a fourth COVID-19 vaccination was recommended. However, targeted information on how to best maintain immune protection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in at-risk groups for severe COVID-19 remains limited. We provide, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time longitudinal vaccination response data in dialysis patients and controls after a triple BNT162b2 vaccination and in the latter after a subsequent fourth full-dose of mRNA-1273. We analysed systemic and mucosal humoral IgG responses against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and ACE2-binding inhibition towards variants of concern including Omicron and Delta with multiplex-based immunoassays. In addition, we assessed Spike S1-specific T-cell responses by interferon \u03b3 release assay. After triple BNT162b2 vaccination, anti-RBD B.1 IgG and ACE2 binding inhibition reached peak levels in dialysis patients, but remained inferior compared to controls. Whilst we detected B.1-specific ACE2 binding inhibition in 84% of dialysis patients after three BNT162b2 doses, binding inhibition towards the Omicron variant was only detectable in 38% of samples and declining to 16% before the fourth vaccination. By using mRNA-1273 as fourth dose, humoral immunity against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested was strongly augmented with 80% of dialysis patients having Omicron-specific ACE2 binding inhibition. Modest declines in T-cell responses in dialysis patients and controls after the second vaccination were restored by the third BNT162b2 dose and significantly increased by the fourth vaccination. Our data support current advice for a four-dose COVID-19 immunisation scheme for at-risk individuals such as haemodialysis patients. We conclude that administration of a fourth full-dose of mRNA-1273 as part of a mixed mRNA vaccination scheme to boost immunity and to prevent severe COVID-19 could also be beneficial in other immune impaired individuals. Additionally, strategic application of such mixed vaccine regimens may be an immediate response against SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased immune evasion potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1665045547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Longitudinal cellular and humoral immune responses after triple BNT162b2 and fourth full-dose mRNA-1273 vaccination in haemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Cossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"L\u00fcrken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Juengling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema Morillas","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Beigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Wrenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Lonnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metodi V.","family":"Stankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dopfer-Jablonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Traenkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Rothbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Schneiderhan-Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Strengert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Dulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg M. N.","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02397-y","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.6822","article-title":"Immunogenicity and risk factors associated with poor humoral immune response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in recipients of solid organ transplant: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Manothummetha","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.036","article-title":"Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Galmiche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00252-2","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in patients with cancer: remaining vulnerabilities and uncertainties","volume":"23","author":"Kuderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25646\/10076.2","article-title":"St\u00e4ndige Impfkommission: Beschluss der STIKO zur 20. Aktualisierung der COVID-19-Impfempfehlung","volume":"21","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epid Bull"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Update: FDA authorizes additional vaccine dose for certain immunocompromised individuals2021"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la sant\u00e9 DGS precisions sur la vaccination IMD"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00010-8","article-title":"Fourth dose of COVID-19 vaccines in Israel","volume":"10","author":"Burki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac498","article-title":"Antibody binding and ACE2 binding inhibition is significantly reduced for both the BA1 and BA2 omicron variants","author":"Junker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003991","article-title":"Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by four different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in health care workers in the Netherlands: A prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"van Gils","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.06.487257","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages exhibit distinct antibody escape patterns","volume":"30","author":"Gruell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.018","article-title":"Antigenic cartography using sera from sequence-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern infections reveals antigenic divergence of Omicron","volume":"55","author":"van der Straten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.004","article-title":"Inferior cellular and humoral immunity against omicron and delta variants of concern compared with SARS-CoV-2 wild type in hemodialysis patients immunized with 4 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses","volume":"102","author":"Anft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081328","article-title":"Improved SARS-CoV-2 neutralization of Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants of concern after fourth vaccination in hemodialysis patients","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.04.006","article-title":"Humoral response after a fourth \u201cbooster\u201d dose of a coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine following a 3-dose regimen of mRNA-based vaccination in dialysis patients","volume":"101","author":"Housset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103524","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients on haemodialysis","volume":"70","author":"Strengert","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2804.211907","article-title":"Diminishing immune responses against variants of concern in dialysis patients 4 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"28","author":"Dulovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00334-1","article-title":"Strategic anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology testing in a low prevalence setting: The COVID-19 contact (CoCo) study in healthcare professionals","volume":"9","author":"Behrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23473-6","article-title":"Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2005.01.003","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the safety of a solvent\/detergent (S\/D) treated immunoglobulin preparation","volume":"33","author":"Rabenau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biologicals."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20973-3","article-title":"Exploring beyond clinical routine SARS-CoV-2 serology using MultiCoV-ab to evaluate endemic coronavirus cross-reactivity","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03259","article-title":"Systematic reference sample generation for multiplexed serological assays","volume":"3","author":"Planatscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10987-2","article-title":"COVID-19 patient serum less potently inhibits ACE2-RBD binding for various SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutants","volume":"12","author":"Junker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01449-9","article-title":"Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/BNT162b2 vaccination","volume":"27","author":"Barros-Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32527-2","article-title":"BNT162b2-boosted immune responses six months after heterologous or homologous ChAdOx1nCoV-19\/BNT162b2 vaccination against COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Behrens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab555","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants and human coronaviruses after single BNT162b2 vaccination","volume":"73","author":"Stankov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00720-9","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead","volume":"28","author":"Forni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differentiation."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.14.22276391","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in people with kidney disease: An OpenSAFELY cohort study","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"The moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine: what you need to know2022"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070908","article-title":"Predictors and dynamics of the humoral and cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in hemodialysis patients: A multicenter observational study","volume":"32","author":"Van Praet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.211881","article-title":"Differences in mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity among patients undergoing dialysis","volume":"194","author":"Yau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.828053","article-title":"Comparative magnitude and persistence of humoral SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses in the adult population in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Dulovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01162-21","article-title":"Differences in IgG antibody responses following BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Montoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol spectrum."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15125","article-title":"Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response following vaccination with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273","volume":"326","author":"Steensels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840136","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody activity against the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant before and after a third BNT162b2 vaccine dose in hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Benning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.10.040","article-title":"A prospective observational study for justification, safety, and efficacy of a third dose of mRNA vaccine in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"101","author":"Espi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113187","article-title":"Effect of third and fourth mRNA-based booster vaccinations on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titer formation, risk factors for non-response, and outcome after SARS-CoV-2 omicron breakthrough infections in patients on chronic hemodialysis: A prospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Tillmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040585","article-title":"Impact of moderna mRNA-1273 booster vaccine on fully vaccinated high-risk chronic dialysis patients after loss of humoral response","volume":"10","author":"Patyna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.005","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody response after a third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis","volume":"79","author":"Bensouna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diseases."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac042","article-title":"Third dose vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccines improves protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"1","author":"Niesen Michiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.12339","article-title":"Antibody response after a third dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients with minimal serologic response to 2 doses","volume":"326","author":"Benotmane","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01212-3","article-title":"Superior immunogenicity and effectiveness of the third compared to the second BNT162b2 vaccine dose","volume":"23","author":"Lustig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119912","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant neutralization after mRNA-1273 booster vaccination","volume":"386","author":"Pajon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.015","article-title":"Neutralization and durability of 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against omicron SARS-CoV-2","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13089","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"310","author":"Sette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.008","article-title":"COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses","volume":"54","author":"Bonifacius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl5344","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype","volume":"6","author":"Guerrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj9853","article-title":"Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells","volume":"374","author":"Mateus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.015","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from alpha to omicron","volume":"185","author":"Tarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.022","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.027","article-title":"Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals","volume":"185","author":"Lederer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses","volume":"596","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101444","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous and homologous mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccination: A multicenter non-inferiority randomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Janssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2202542","article-title":"Efficacy of a fourth dose of covid-19 mRNA vaccine against omicron","volume":"386","author":"Regev-Yochay","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02717-3","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"398","author":"Munro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm2311","article-title":"mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines elicit antibodies with differences in fc-mediated effector functions","volume":"14","author":"Kaplonek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10871","article-title":"Assessment of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant by immunized individuals","volume":"5","author":"De Marco","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01123-x","article-title":"BNT162b2-induced memory T cells respond to the omicron variant with preserved polyfunctionality","volume":"7","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200175","article-title":"Cutting edge: T cell responses to B.1.1.529 (Omicron) SARS-CoV-2 variant induced by COVID-19 infection and\/or mRNA vaccination are largely preserved","volume":"208","author":"Jergovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.029","article-title":"T Cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant is preserved in most but not all individuals","volume":"185","author":"Naranbhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3","article-title":"T Cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize omicron","volume":"603","author":"Keeton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo2202","article-title":"Divergent SARS-CoV-2 omicron-reactive T and b cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients","volume":"7","author":"GeurtsvanKessel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004045\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T08:39:13Z","timestamp":1665045553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004045\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004045","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.13.22277581","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"article-number":"1004045"}}