{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:25:02Z","timestamp":1790270702824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BA 5893\/7, No310\/16, SFB1328- Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BA 5893\/7, No310\/16, SFB1328- Z02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF-COMMUTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF-COMMUTE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanobodies are well suited for constructing biologics due to their high solubility. We generated nanobodies directed against CD38, a tumor marker that is overexpressed by multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. We then used these CD38-specific nanobodies to construct heavy chain antibodies, bispecific killer cell engagers (BiKEs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, and nanobody-displaying AAV vectors. Here we review the utility of these nanobody-based constructs to specifically and effectively target CD38-expressing myeloma cells. The promising results of our preclinical studies warrant further clinical studies to evaluate the potential of these CD38-specific nanobody-based constructs for treatment of multiple myeloma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T08:27:05Z","timestamp":1667377625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Targeting multiple myeloma with nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies, bispecific killer cell engagers, chimeric antigen receptors, and nanobody-displaying AAV vectors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Hambach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Marei","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bannas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Koch-Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001120","article-title":"A case of convergence: Why did a simple alternative to canonical antibodies arise in sharks and camels","volume":"9","author":"Flajnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01603","article-title":"Nanobodies and Nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Bannas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.1637","article-title":"Molecular imaging of tumors with nanobodies and antibodies: Timing and dosage are crucial factors for improved in vivo detection","volume":"10","author":"Bannas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.1548","article-title":"In vivo near-infrared fluorescence targeting of T cells: comparison of nanobodies and conventional monoclonal antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Bannas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505533","article-title":"Caplacizumab for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"374","author":"Peyvandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-021-00639-z","article-title":"Targeting BCMA in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00962-7","article-title":"BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00628","article-title":"Annotating BCMA expression in multiple myelomas","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819745116","article-title":"Exploratory trial of a biepitopic CAR T-targeting B cell maturation antigen in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"116","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0681-6","article-title":"A phase 1, open-label study of LCAR-B38M, a chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy directed against B cell maturation antigen, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020238","article-title":"The Application of Nanobody in CAR-T Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy","volume":"43","author":"Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194787","article-title":"Keeping Myeloma in Check: The Past, Present and Future of Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Ackley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.272","article-title":"Imaging of multiple myeloma: Current concepts","volume":"5","author":"Derlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2019.1624158","article-title":"Novel targets for the treatment of relapsing multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Giuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2600-5","article-title":"Comparative diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET\/CT versus whole-body MRI for determination of remission status in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Derlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2445-y","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of whole-body MRI for the detection of persistent or relapsing disease in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Bannas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-825331","article-title":"Toward personalized treatment in multiple myeloma based on molecular characteristics","volume":"133","author":"Pawlyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2586","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: Every year a new standard","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121632","article-title":"CD38 Expression by myeloma cells and its role in the context of bone marrow microenvironment: Modulation by therapeutic agents","volume":"8","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010076","article-title":"Daratumumab and Nanobody-Based Heavy Chain Antibodies Inhibit the ADPR Cyclase but not the NAD(+) Hydrolase Activity of CD38-Expressing Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"13","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-740944","article-title":"CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma: back to the future","volume":"131","author":"van de Donk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003032","article-title":"Daratumumab, a novel therapeutic human CD38 monoclonal antibody, induces killing of multiple myeloma and other hematological tumors","volume":"186","author":"de Weers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2021.1965737","article-title":"3-weekly daratumumab-lenalidomide\/pomalidomide-dexamethasone is highly effective in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Chim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00478-4","article-title":"A phase 2 study of isatuximab monotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma who are refractory to daratumumab","volume":"11","author":"Mikhael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14112-6","article-title":"Nanobodies effectively modulate the enzymatic activity of CD38 and allow specific imaging of CD38(+) tumors in mouse models in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Fumey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2005.08.033","article-title":"Use of genetic immunization to raise antibodies recognizing toxin-related cell surface ADP-ribosyltransferases in native conformation","volume":"236","author":"Koch-Nolte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02553","article-title":"CD38-specific biparatopic heavy chain antibodies display potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma Cells","volume":"9","author":"Sch\u00fctze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.169235","article-title":"Long-term CD38 saturation by daratumumab interferes with diagnostic myeloma cell detection","volume":"102","author":"Oberle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020321","article-title":"Targeting CD38-expressing multiple myeloma and burkitt lymphoma Cells In vitro with nanobody-based chimeric antigen receptors (Nb-CARs)","volume":"9","author":"Hambach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.38533","article-title":"Nanobody-based CD38-specific heavy chain antibodies induce killing of multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies","volume":"10","author":"Schriewer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.838406","article-title":"Half-life extended nanobody-based CD38-specific bispecific killercell engagers induce killing of multiple myeloma cells","volume":"13","author":"Hambach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.09.003","article-title":"Nanobody-enhanced targeting of AAV gene therapy vectors","volume":"15","author":"Eichhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01171-6","article-title":"A non-internalised CD38-binding radiolabelled single-domain antibody fragment to monitor and treat multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Duray","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00584","article-title":"Anti-Multiple Myeloma activity of nanobody-based anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13123072","article-title":"Balancing the CD38 expression on effector and target cells in daratumumab-mediated NK Cell ADCC against Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Lejeune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010167","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to anti-cd38 daratumumab in multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Saltarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2018.1466767","article-title":"The \"less-is-more\" in therapeutic antibodies: Afucosylated anti-cancer antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"MAbs."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.05.013","article-title":"Two immunoglobulin G fragment C receptor polymorphisms independently predict response to rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Weng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02559","article-title":"Perspectives for the development of CD38-specific heavy chain antibodies as therapeutics for multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Bannas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-18-0849","article-title":"Nanobody targeting of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ectodomain variants overcomes resistance to therapeutic egfr antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Tintelnot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.329","article-title":"Management of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: novel agents, antibodies, immunotherapies and beyond","volume":"32","author":"Chim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.703574","article-title":"Mouse CD38-specific heavy chain antibodies inhibit cd38 gdpr-cyclase activity and mediate cytotoxicity against tumor cells","volume":"12","author":"Baum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060465","article-title":"BiTEs, DARTS, BiKEs and TriKEs-are antibody based therapies changing the future treatment of AML","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32909","article-title":"The BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager) platform: Development and future potential of a targeted immuno-oncology therapy across tumor types","volume":"126","author":"Einsele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1198455","article-title":"TriKEs and BiKEs join CARs on the cancer immunotherapy highway","volume":"12","author":"Tay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163994","article-title":"A HER2 tri-specific nk cell engager mediates efficient targeting of human ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Vallera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01790-2","article-title":"Programmable half-life and anti-tumour effects of bispecific T-cell engager-albumin fusions with tuned FcRn affinity","volume":"4","author":"Mandrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034355","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2034355","article-title":"Trispecific T-cell engagers for dual tumor-targeting of colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Tapia-Galisteo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2016.1139266","article-title":"A novel bispecific antibody, BiSS, with potent anti-cancer activities","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-1012","article-title":"Single-domain antibody\u2013based and linker-free bispecific antibodies targeting fc\u03b3riii induce potent antitumor activity without recruiting regulatory t cells","volume":"12","author":"Rozan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007734200","article-title":"Camel single-domain antibodies as modular building units in bispecific and bivalent antibody constructs","volume":"276","author":"Els Conrath","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00208","article-title":"Incorporation of a novel cd16-specific single-domain antibody into multispecific natural killer cell engagers with potent ADCC","volume":"18","author":"van Faassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2015.03.003","article-title":"Fusion of hIgG1-Fc to 111In-anti-amyloid single domain antibody fragment VHH-pa2H prolongs blood residential time in APP\/PS1 mice but does not increase brain uptake","volume":"42","author":"Rotman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3392","article-title":"Preclinical characterization of hpn536, a trispecific, t-cell-activating protein construct for the treatment of mesothelin-expressing solid tumors","volume":"27","author":"Molloy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2845","article-title":"AMG 757, a Half-life extended, DLL3-targeted bispecific t-cell engager, shows high potency and sensitivity in preclinical models of small-cell lung cancer","volume":"27","author":"Giffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8020028","article-title":"David Vs. Goliath: The structure, function, and clinical prospects of antibody fragments","volume":"8","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(99)00030-8","article-title":"Comparison of physical chemical properties of llama VHH antibody fragments and mouse monoclonal antibodies","volume":"1431","author":"van der Linden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4265","article-title":"Stability engineering of antibody single-chain Fv fragments","volume":"305","author":"W\u00f6rn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzm064","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of anti-FcgammaRIII (CD16) llama single-domain antibodies that activate natural killer cells","volume":"21","author":"Behar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Protein Eng Des Sel"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6523","article-title":"Fc gamma RIIIa expression is not increased on natural killer cells expressing the Fc gamma RIIIa-158V allotype","volume":"68","author":"Congy-Jolivet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.07.010","article-title":"High concentrations of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies are needed to compensate for inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by excess endogenous immunoglobulin G","volume":"43","author":"Preithner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3684-7_28","article-title":"Generation of BiKEs and TriKEs to Improve NK Cell-Mediated Targeting of Tumor Cells","volume":"1441","author":"Felices","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017012369","article-title":"161533 TriKE stimulates NK-cell function to overcome myeloid-derived suppressor cells in MDS","volume":"2","author":"Sarhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2710","article-title":"IL15 trispecific killer engagers (trike) make natural killer cells specific to CD33+ targets while also inducing persistence, in vivo expansion, and enhanced function","volume":"22","author":"Vallera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0399","article-title":"Trispecific killer engager 161519 enhances natural killer cell function and provides anti-tumor activity against CD19-positive cancers","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.07.005","article-title":"Engineering CAR-T cells for next-generation cancer therapy","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01965","article-title":"Use of cell and genome modification technologies to generate improved \"off-the-shelf\" CAR T and CAR NK cells","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102975","article-title":"CAR-NK cells: A promising cellular immunotherapy for cancer","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129338","article-title":"Killers 2.0: NK cell therapies at the forefront of cancer control","volume":"129","author":"Hodgins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060769","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells as Allogeneic Effectors in adoptive cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Lupo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-015-1761-x","article-title":"NK-92: an \u2018off-the-shelf therapeutic\u2019 for adoptive natural killer cell-based cancer immunotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Suck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunology Immunother"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00091","article-title":"Natural killer cells for immunotherapy - advantages of the NK-92 cell line over blood NK cells","volume":"7","author":"Klingemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01170-7","article-title":"A bispecific CAR-T cell therapy targeting BCMA and CD38 in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02214-z","article-title":"High efficacy and safety of CD38 and BCMA bispecific CAR-T in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031096","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of invariant natural killer t cells modified with cd38 or bcma chimeric antigen receptors for multiple myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Poels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.04.024","article-title":"A Rational strategy for reducing on-target off-tumor effects of cd38-chimeric antigen receptors by affinity optimization","volume":"25","author":"Drent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0488-x","article-title":"T cells bearing anti-CD19 and\/or anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptors effectively abrogate primary double-hit lymphoma cells","volume":"10","author":"Mihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2988","article-title":"Therapeutic in vivo gene transfer for genetic disease using AAV: progress and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Mingozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2017.11.007","article-title":"Emerging issues in AAV-mediated in vivo gene therapy","volume":"8","author":"Colella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3471","article-title":"Vectored immunoprophylaxis protects humanized mice from mucosal HIV transmission","volume":"20","author":"Balazs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3469","article-title":"A dual AAV system enables the Cas9-mediated correction of a metabolic liver disease in newborn mice","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01699","article-title":"Evaluation of P2X7 receptor function in tumor contexts using raav vector and nanobodies (AAVnano)","volume":"10","author":"Demeules","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa179","article-title":"Gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease targeting CD33 reduces amyloid beta accumulation and neuroinflammation","volume":"29","author":"Griciuc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12020","article-title":"Intracranial AAV-IFN-\u03b2 gene therapy eliminates invasive xenograft glioblastoma and improves survival in orthotopic syngeneic murine model","volume":"11","author":"GuhaSarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.05.022","article-title":"High-Throughput Dissection of AAV-Host Interactions: The fast and the curious","volume":"430","author":"Herrmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.02.009","article-title":"Pre-arrayed Pan-AAV peptide display libraries for rapid single-round screening","volume":"28","author":"B\u00f6rner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12900-12907.2002","article-title":"Conjugate-based targeting of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors by using avidin-linked ligands","volume":"76","author":"Ponnazhagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3781","article-title":"A synthetic AAV vector enables safe and efficient gene transfer to the mammalian inner ear","volume":"35","author":"Landegger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4559-4566.2002","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus capsids displaying immunoglobulin-binding domains permit antibody-mediated vector retargeting to specific cell surface receptors","volume":"76","author":"Ried","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.186","article-title":"Displaying high-affinity ligands on adeno-associated viral vectors enables tumor cell-specific and safe gene transfer","volume":"21","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2013.44A011","article-title":"Strategies to stabilize compact folding and minimize aggregation of antibody-based fragments","volume":"4","author":"Gil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Biosci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01532-X","article-title":"Domain interactions in antibody Fv and scFv fragments: effects on unfolding kinetics and equilibria","volume":"462","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806889200","article-title":"General strategy to humanize a camelid single-domain antibody and identification of a universal humanized nanobody scaffold","volume":"284","author":"Vincke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01301-8","article-title":"Four-year follow-up of LCAR-B38M in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a phase 1, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study in China (LEGEND-2)","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21818","article-title":"The antigen-binding moiety in the driver's seat of CARs","volume":"42","author":"Hanssens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.192757","article-title":"CD38 as a therapeutic target for adult acute myeloid leukemia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"104","author":"Naik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2022.2090551","article-title":"CD38 as a multifaceted immunotherapeutic target in CLL","author":"Paulus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-020-0458-8","article-title":"CD38 in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes pro-tumoral activity","volume":"100","author":"Ben Baruch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1033","article-title":"CD38-Mediated immunosuppression as a mechanism of tumor cell escape from pd-1\/pd-l1 blockade","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6630295","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6630295","article-title":"CD38 and regulation of the immune response cells in cancer","volume":"2021","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16160-5","article-title":"Systematically optimized BCMA\/CS1 bispecific CAR-T cells robustly control heterogeneous multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Zah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.040","article-title":"Addressing challenges of heterogeneous tumor treatment through bispecific protein-mediated pretargeted drug delivery","volume":"220","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87366","article-title":"Dual CD19 and CD123 targeting prevents antigen-loss relapses after CD19-directed immunotherapies","volume":"126","author":"Ruella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-12-687749","article-title":"Daratumumab depletes CD38+ immune regulatory cells, promotes T-cell expansion, and skews T-cell repertoire in multiple myeloma","volume":"128","author":"Krejcik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2027","article-title":"Monocytes and granulocytes reduce cd38 expression levels on myeloma cells in patients treated with daratumumab","volume":"23","author":"Krejcik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005800\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T08:27:09Z","timestamp":1667377629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005800\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005800","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"article-number":"1005800"}}