{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:29:50Z","timestamp":1793168990966,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In exhibiting gonochorism and phenotypic sexual dimorphism,<jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>spp. are unique among trematodes. Only females mating with male schistosomes can produce the highly immunogenic parasite eggs which determine the clinical picture of the disease schistosomiasis. The strong immune-modulatory effect of the eggs masks the influence of the adult worms. To shed light on the complexity of the immune response triggered by adult worms of<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>, we performed a long-term unisexual infection experiment in mice. We were able to demonstrate that both male and female schistosomes can survive unpaired for one year in the murine host. Furthermore, unisexual<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>infection leads to pronounced inflammation of the liver characterized by a non-polarized Th1\/Th2 immune response, regardless of worm sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T09:14:20Z","timestamp":1669281260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A one-year unisexual Schistosoma mansoni infection causes pathologic organ alterations and persistent non-polarized T cell-mediated inflammation in 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