{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:25:04Z","timestamp":1793118304416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0H2516N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0H2516N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enzootic pneumonia still causes major economic losses to the intensive pig production. Vaccination against its primary pathogen, <jats:italic>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, is carried out worldwide to control the disease and minimize clinical signs and performance losses. Nonetheless, the effects of both infection with, and vaccination against <jats:italic>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic> on the innate and adaptive immune responses remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study in which piglets were injected once with a commercial bacterin V1 or V2, or the adjuvant of V1 (A) to investigate their effect on local, innate and adaptive immune responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were challenge infected with <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and euthanized four weeks later to assess vaccine efficacy <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lung lesions. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) samples were collected to measure antibody responses, cellular immunity, BAL cytokine levels and BAL <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic> DNA load as well as cytokine secretion by monocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After vaccination, proliferation of antigen-specific CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and a higher percentage of TNF-\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and TNF-\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and TNF-\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells was seen in V1, while proliferation of or a significant increase in cytokine production by different T cell subsets could not be observed for animals from V2. Interestingly, LPS-stimulated blood monocytes from V1 and A secreted less IL-10 on D7. After challenge, higher levels of IgA, more IL-10 and less IL-1\u03b2 was detected in BAL from V1, which was not observed in V2. Animals from A had significantly more IL-17A in BAL. The macroscopic lung lesion score and the <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic> DNA load at euthanasia was lower in V1, but the microscopic lung lesion score was lower in both vaccinated groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, these results indicate that the two commercial bacterins induced different local and adaptive immune responses, that the adjuvant alone can reduce anti-inflammatory innate immune responses, and that both vaccines had a different efficacy to reduce <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>-like lung lesions and <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic> DNA load in the lung.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1015525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T06:30:10Z","timestamp":1670394610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Different local, innate and 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