{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T10:22:38Z","timestamp":1793701358730,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI125777, K24 AI137310, P30 DK089507, UL1TR000423, S10 RR027366, S10 OD016262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI125777, K24 AI137310, P30 DK089507, UL1TR000423, S10 RR027366, S10 OD016262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009210","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunological mechanisms of susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are poorly understood. To understand NTM pathogenesis, we evaluated innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> complex (MAC) in asymptomatic individuals with a previous history of MAC lung disease (MACDZ). We hypothesized that Mav-specific immune responses are associated with susceptibility to MAC lung disease. We measured MAC-, NTM-, or MAC\/Mtb-specific T-cell responses by cytokine production, expression of surface markers, and analysis of global gene expression in 27 MACDZ individuals and 32 healthy controls. We also analyzed global gene expression in <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>-infected and uninfected peripheral blood monocytes from 17 MACDZ and 17 healthy controls. We were unable to detect increased T-cell responses against MAC-specific reagents in MACDZ compared to controls, while the responses to non-mycobacteria derived antigens were preserved. MACDZ individuals had a lower frequency of Th1 and Th1* T-cell populations. In addition, MACDZ subjects had lower transcriptional responses in PBMCs stimulated with a mycobacterial peptide pool (MTB300). By contrast, global gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of proinflammatory pathways in uninfected and <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>-infected monocytes, i.e. a hyperinflammatory <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> response, derived from MACDZ subjects compared to controls. Together, these data suggest a novel immunologic defect which underlies MAC pathogenesis and includes concurrent innate and adaptive dysregulation which persists years after completion of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T11:00:52Z","timestamp":1664794852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cecilia S.","family":"Lindestam Arlehamn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basilin","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Dill-McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenna J.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinu","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia K.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Taplitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Arentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira L.","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeed A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Hawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa241","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: An official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"71","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00149212","article-title":"The geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an NTM-NET collaborative study","volume":"42","author":"Hoefsloot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0503OC","article-title":"Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and clinical features: an emerging public health disease","volume":"182","author":"Winthrop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00250-2019","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Cowman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200805-686OC","article-title":"Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: prospective study of a distinct preexisting syndrome","volume":"178","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.008","article-title":"Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: genetic, immunological, and clinical features of inborn errors of IFN-gamma immunity","volume":"26","author":"Bustamante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.51.133","article-title":"Production of cytokines in patients with primary pulmonary mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease","volume":"51","author":"Emori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kurume Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1035OC","article-title":"Patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease exhibit unique body and immune phenotypes","volume":"187","author":"Kartalija","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318087","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in immunocompetent persons infected with mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"183","author":"Vankayalapati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021113","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021113","article-title":"The mycobacterial cell wall\u2013peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan","volume":"5","author":"Alderwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz285","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria and heterologous immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"220","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92348-9","article-title":"Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity","volume":"346","author":"Fine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08353-8","article-title":"BCG-Induced increase in interferon-gamma response to mycobacterial antigens and efficacy of BCG vaccination in Malawi and the UK: two randomised controlled studies","volume":"359","author":"Black","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1966.94.4.553","article-title":"Effects of infection with atypical mycobacteria on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis","volume":"94","author":"Palmer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.1.203","article-title":"Crossprotection against nontuberculous mycobacterial infections by mycobacterium tuberculosis memory immune T lymphocytes","volume":"163","author":"Orme","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00374-2017","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an increasing burden with substantial costs","volume":"49","author":"Prevots","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201605-353OC","article-title":"Increasing prevalence rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in five states, 2008-2013","volume":"13","author":"Donohue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Society"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00027","article-title":"Infection sources of a common non-tuberculous mycobacterial pathogen, mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"4","author":"Nishiuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.1.15","article-title":"Dual skin testing with mycobacterium avium sensitin and purified protein derivative: an open study of patients with m. avium complex infection or tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"von Reyn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.1.24.","article-title":"Dual skin testing with mycobacterium avium sensitin and purified protein derivative in patients with m. avium complex infection or tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Chaparas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100189","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex lung diseases by enzyme immunoassay of IgA antibodies against MAC-specific glycopeptidolipid core antigen","volume":"21","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600888","article-title":"Serodiagnostic contributions of antibody titers against mycobacterial lipid antigens in mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease","volume":"49","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00098212","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in the USA","volume":"42","author":"Kitada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.03.022","article-title":"Development and validation of a broad scheme for prediction of HLA class II restricted T cell epitopes","volume":"422","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005760","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of complexity of human pathogen-specific CD4 T cell responses in healthy m. tuberculosis infected south africans","volume":"12","author":"Lindestam Arlehamn","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600318","article-title":"A cytokine-independent approach to identify antigen-specific human germinal center T follicular helper cells and rare antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in blood","volume":"197","author":"Dan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169086","article-title":"Definition of human epitopes recognized in tetanus toxoid and development of an assay strategy to detect ex vivo tetanus CD4+ T cell responses","volume":"12","author":"da Silva Antunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601750","article-title":"An integrated workflow to assess technical and biological variability of cell population frequencies in human peripheral blood by flow cytometry","volume":"198","author":"Burel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.006","article-title":"Full-length RNA-seq from single cells using smart-seq2","volume":"9","author":"Picelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr026","article-title":"Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets","volume":"27","author":"Schmieder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodological)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.022","article-title":"Impact of genetic polymorphisms on human immune cell gene expression","volume":"175","author":"Schmiedel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"AndrewsS\n          FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data2010"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1900-2","article-title":"AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging","volume":"9","author":"Schubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"BroadI\n          Picard toolkit 2019"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-2-r29","article-title":"Voom: Precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts","volume":"15","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","article-title":"STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-128","article-title":"Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004","article-title":"The molecular signatures database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection","volume":"1","author":"Liberzon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"060012","DOI":"10.1101\/060012","article-title":"Fast gene set enrichment analysis","author":"Korotkevich","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800118","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of CD4(+) T cells reveals novel immune signatures of latent tuberculosis","volume":"200","author":"Burel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401151","article-title":"Transcriptional profile of tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells reveals novel multifunctional features","volume":"193","author":"Arlehamn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003130","article-title":"Memory T cells in latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are directed against three antigenic islands and largely contained in a CXCR3+CCR6+ Th1 subset","volume":"9","author":"Lindestam Arlehamn","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathogens"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416537112","article-title":"Immunological consequences of intragenus conservation of mycobacterium tuberculosis T-cell epitopes","volume":"112","author":"Lindestam Arlehamn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy016","article-title":"Emergence of polyfunctional cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in mycobacterium avium immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"67","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis: an Off Publ Infect Dis Soc America"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-007-9040-z","article-title":"Decreased cytokine production in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"185","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz484","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz484","article-title":"Patients with idiopathic pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease have normal Th1\/Th2 cytokine responses but diminished Th17 cytokine and enhanced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026434","article-title":"Identification of antigens specific to non-tuberculous mycobacteria: The mce family of proteins as a target of T cell immune responses","volume":"6","author":"Checkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103746","article-title":"CD4+CCR6+ T cells dominate the BCG-induced transcriptional signature","volume":"74","author":"Singhania","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141518","article-title":"ICOS and Bcl6-dependent pathways maintain a CD4 T cell population with memory-like properties during tuberculosis","volume":"212","author":"Moguche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00089-4","article-title":"Host susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect diseases"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.10","article-title":"Initiation and regulation of T-cell responses in tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Urdahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251086","article-title":"Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity","volume":"345","author":"Saeed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.031","article-title":"BCG Educates hematopoietic stem cells to generate protective innate immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2479OC","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing identifies the 6q12-q16 linkage region and a candidate gene, TTK, for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02269-2019","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease","volume":"58","author":"Namkoong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0387OC","article-title":"Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. a multisystem, multigenic disease","volume":"192","author":"Szymanski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa354","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium complex: Addressing gaps in diagnosis and management","volume":"222","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201605-387WS","article-title":"Patient-centered research priorities for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection. an NTM research consortium workshop report","volume":"13","author":"Henkle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Society"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0230OC","article-title":"Whole-blood gene expression in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"58","author":"Cowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00048-5","article-title":"Genome-wide expression for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicohort analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.08.004","article-title":"Host blood RNA signatures predict the outcome of tuberculosis treatment","volume":"107","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01441","article-title":"Detection of tuberculosis recurrence, diagnosis and treatment response by a blood transcriptomic risk signature in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Darboe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3750013","article-title":"Validation of a host blood transcriptomic biomarker for pulmonary tuberculosis in people living with HIV: a prospective diagnostic and prognostic accuracy study","volume":"9","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65043-8","article-title":"RISK6, a 6-gene transcriptomic signature of TB disease risk, diagnosis and treatment response","volume":"10","author":"Penn-Nicholson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201711-2340OC","article-title":"Four-gene pan-African blood signature predicts progression to tuberculosis","volume":"197","author":"Suliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01316-1","article-title":"A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study","volume":"387","author":"Zak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1664794860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"article-number":"1016038"}}