{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:02:29Z","timestamp":1793152949846,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006315","name":"ReumaNederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-2-403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-2-403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006315","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells might play a role in B cell hyperactivity and local inflammation in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS), just like previously studied mucosa-associated CCR9+ and CXCR5+ T helper cells. Here, we investigated expression of CCR9, CXCR5, IL-18R and IL-7R on MAIT cells in pSS, and assessed the capacity of DMARDs to inhibit the activity of MAIT cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating CD161+ and IL-18R\u03b1+ TCRV\u03b17.2+ MAIT cells from pSS patients and healthy controls (HC) were assessed using flow cytometry, and expression of CCR9, CXCR5, and IL-7R on MAIT cells was studied. Production of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-21 by MAIT cells was measured upon IL-7 stimulation in the presence of leflunomide (LEF) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The numbers of CD161+ and IL-18R\u03b1+ MAIT cells were decreased in pSS patients compared to HC. Relative increased percentages of CD4 MAIT cells in pSS patients caused significantly higher CD4\/CD8 ratios in MAIT cells. The numbers of CCR9 and CXCR5-expressing MAIT cells were significantly higher in pSS patients. IL-7R expression was higher in CD8 MAIT cells as compared to all CD8 T cells, and changes in IL-7R expression correlated to several clinical parameters. The elevated production of IL-21 by MAIT cells was significantly inhibited by LEF\/HCQ treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating CD161+ and IL-18R\u03b1+ MAIT cell numbers are decreased in pSS patients. Given their enriched CCR9\/CXCR5 expression this may facilitate migration to inflamed salivary glands known to overexpress CCL25\/CXCL13. Given the pivotal role of IL-7 and IL-21 in inflammation in pSS this indicates a potential role for MAIT cells in driving pSS immunopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1017157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T23:28:03Z","timestamp":1669246083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["In patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome innate-like MAIT cells display upregulated IL-7R, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-21 expression and have increased proportions of CCR9 and CXCR5-expressing cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anneline C.","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aike A.","family":"Kruize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen L.","family":"Leavis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A. 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