{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:58:10Z","timestamp":1793843890422,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1173584, 1090890, 1164954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173584, 1090890, 1164954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022099","name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), its complication pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) and preterm brain and gut injury lead to significant morbidity and mortality in infants born extremely prematurely. There is extensive evidence that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of these illnesses. Two decades of clinical use in paediatric and adult medicine have established an excellent safety and efficacy record for IL-1 blockade with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, medication name anakinra). Building on robust pre-clinical evidence, the Anakinra Pilot trial aims to demonstrate safety and feasibility of administering anakinra to preterm infants, and to establish pharmacokinetics in this population. Its ultimate goal is to facilitate large studies that will test whether anakinra can ameliorate early-life inflammation, thus alleviating multiple complications of prematurity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anakinra Pilot is an investigator-initiated, single arm, safety and feasibility dose-escalation trial in extremely preterm infants born between 24 weeks 0 days (24<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>) and 27<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> weeks of gestational age (GA). Enrolled infants will receive anakinra intravenously over the first 21 days after birth, starting in the first 24\u00a0h after birth. In the first phase, dosing is 1 mg\/kg every 48\u00a0h, and dosage will increase to 1.5 mg\/kg every 24\u00a0h in the second phase. Initial anakinra dosing was determined through population pharmacokinetic model simulations. During the study, there will be a interim analysis to confirm predictions before undertaking dose assessment. Anakinra therapy will be considered safe if the frequency of adverse outcomes\/events does not exceed that expected in infants born at 24<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>-27<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> weeks GA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:uri>, identifier NCT05280340.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1666850220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Anakinra Pilot \u2013 a clinical trial to demonstrate safety, feasibility and pharmacokinetics of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elys 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