{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:51:10Z","timestamp":1792687870010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune inflammatory disease that is an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), occurs in the oral mucosa and affects approximately 0.5% to 4% of the general population. There are usually five types of OLP: reticular\/papular, plaque-like, atrophic\/erythematous, erosive\/ulcerative, and bullous. Furthermore, the chance of causing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is 1.4%. Although the etiology of OLP is still unknown, accumulating evidence supports that immune dysregulation may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of OLP, especially the massive production of various inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators. In this review, we focus on the relationship between OLP and its immune microenvironment. We summarize current developments in the immunology of OLP, summarizing functional cell types and crucial cytokines in the OLP immune microenvironment and the underlying mechanisms of key signaling pathways in the OLP immune microenvironment. We highlight the application potential of targeted immune microenvironment therapy for OLP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1023213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T08:34:45Z","timestamp":1673339685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Updates on immunological mechanistic insights and targeting of the oral lichen planus microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E892","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200309","article-title":"Oral lichen planus","volume":"192","author":"Hamour","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO collaborating centre for oral cancer","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405","article-title":"The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus","volume":"13","author":"Sugerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"75","article-title":"Nineteenth century foundations of cancer research advances in tumour pathology, nomenclature, and theories of oncogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Triolo","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1943","article-title":"Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy","volume":"85","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.4.655.655","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Weitzman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04046-0","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: back to virchow","volume":"357","author":"Balkwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10142","article-title":"New insights into the role of extracellular matrix during tumor onset and progression","volume":"192","author":"Pupa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2003.08.001","article-title":"Immune activation and chronic inflammation as the cause of malignancy in oral lichen planus: is there any evidence","volume":"40","author":"Mignogna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105420","article-title":"Immune deserts in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A review of challenges and opportunities for modulating the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"120","author":"Farlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2010.00946.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus\u2013a review","volume":"39","author":"Roopashree","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03355.x","article-title":"Autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus","volume":"142","author":"Sugerman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01781.x","article-title":"Perforin and granzyme b expression in oral and cutaneous lichen planus - 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