{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:22:09Z","timestamp":1790796129098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20200909113758004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20200909113758004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the first outbreak in the 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century influenza virus has remained emergent owing to the huge pandemic potential. Only the pandemic of 1918 caused more deaths than any war in world history. Although two types of influenza\u2013 A (IAV) and B (IBV) cause epidemics annually, influenza A deserves more attention as its nature is much wilier. IAVs have a large animal reservoir and cause the infection manifestation not only in the human population but in poultry and domestic pigs as well. This many-sided characteristic of IAV along with the segmented genome gives rise to the antigenic drift and shift that allows evolving the new strains and new subtypes, respectively. As a result, the immune system of the body is unable to recognize them. Importantly, several highly pathogenic avian IAVs have already caused sporadic human infections with a high fatality rate (~60%). The current review discusses the promising strategy of using a potentially universal IAV mRNA vaccine based on conserved elements for humans, poultry, and pigs. This will better aid in averting the outbreaks in different susceptible species, thus, reduce the adverse impact on agriculture, and economics, and ultimately, prevent deadly pandemics in the human population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:46:20Z","timestamp":1665985580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Promising strategy for developing mRNA-based universal influenza virus vaccine for human population, poultry, and pigs\u2013 focus on the bigger picture"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nino","family":"Rcheulishvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Papukashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng George","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00206","article-title":"A perspective on nanoparticle universal influenza vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Influenza (Seasonal)2022"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071722","article-title":"How influenza virus uses host cell pathways during uncoating","volume":"10","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050709","article-title":"Universal flu mRNA vaccine: Promises, prospects, and problems","volume":"10","author":"Deviatkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020122","article-title":"Back to the future for influenza preimmunity\u2013looking back at influenza virus history to infer the outcome of future infections","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6020028","article-title":"Immune history and influenza vaccine effectiveness","volume":"6","author":"Lewnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039","article-title":"The biology of influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Bouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.139428","article-title":"Influenza seasonality: Timing and formulation of vaccines","volume":"92","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.001","article-title":"In silico vaccine strain prediction for human influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Klingen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.04.018","article-title":"A multi-targeting, nucleoside-modified mRNA influenza virus vaccine provides broad protection in mice","volume":"28","author":"Freyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8773-033109-Reg.1","article-title":"Avian influenza vaccination in chickens and pigs with replication-competent adenovirus-free human recombinant adenovirus 5","volume":"54","author":"Toro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051101","article-title":"Development of an LNP-encapsulated mRNA-RBD vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines-a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040390","article-title":"mRNA-based vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Kowalzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00283-5","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.628137","article-title":"The limitless future of RNA therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Damase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-021-00176-7","article-title":"mRNA flu shots move into trials","volume":"20","author":"Dolgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2008.01.006","article-title":"Avian influenza vaccines and therapies for poultry","volume":"32","author":"Swayne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040694","article-title":"Virus-like particle vaccines: A prospective panacea against an avian influenza panzootic","volume":"8","author":"Ninyio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Avian influenza: assessing the pandemic threat. world health organization communicable diseases cluster (2005) avian influenza: assessing the pandemic threat world health organization2005"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150904","article-title":"Infection risk for persons exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza a H5 virus\u2013infected birds, united states, December 2014\u2013march 2015","volume":"21","author":"Arriola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61171-X","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses in China","volume":"382","author":"Cowling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00116","article-title":"Much higher case-fatality rates of index cases. commentary: Differences in the epidemiology of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses infection","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ345","article-title":"Differences in the epidemiology of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses infection","volume":"61","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Western Pacific region. avian influenza weekly update number 8382022"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1675519","article-title":"Expert review of vaccines preexisting influenza specific immunity and vaccine effectiveness","volume":"18","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/427573a","article-title":"Virologists call for vaccination bid to beat bird flu epidemic","volume":"427","author":"Abbott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Influenza: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"100","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Family Phys"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.88.226","article-title":"Molecular basis of the structure and function of H1 hemagglutinin of influenza virus","volume":"88","author":"Sriwilaijaroen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Japan Acad Ser B: Phys Biol Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00039","article-title":"Influenza virus neuraminidase structure and functions","volume":"10","author":"Mcauley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2010.04.015","article-title":"Influenza M2 proton channels","volume":"1808","author":"Pielak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2696-8","article-title":"The native structure of the assembled matrix protein 1 of influenza a virus","volume":"587","author":"Peukes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Influenza (Flu) types of influenza viruses2022"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05670-8","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza a and b virus infection in adult Australian hospitalised patients","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106495","article-title":"DeepFlu: a deep learning approach for forecasting symptomatic influenza A infection based on pre-exposure gene expression","volume":"213","author":"Zan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051036","article-title":"Comparing influenza virus biology for understanding influenza d virus","volume":"14","author":"Huber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Raegan M Skelton Victor C Huber"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Influenza type a viruses. subtypes of influenza a viruses2022"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses)","volume-title":"OIE terrestrial manual","year":"2021"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans","volume":"325","author":"Garten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060657","article-title":"An antigenic thrift-based approach to influenza vaccine design","volume":"9","author":"Bolton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz036","article-title":"Avian influenza viruses in humans: lessons from past outbreaks","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbz128","article-title":"FluReassort: A database for the study of genomic reassortments among influenza viruses","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00647","article-title":"Influenza a virus in swine: Epidemiology, challenges and vaccination strategies","volume":"7","author":"Carlos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12849","article-title":"Kennedy F shortridge PhD (April 6, 1941 to November 8, 2020): Obituary","volume":"15","author":"Webster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Reported human infections with avian influenza a viruses2022"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.x","article-title":"Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine","volume":"4","author":"Morens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.009","article-title":"Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1","volume":"178","author":"Sonnberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B50","volume-title":"The threat of pandemic influenza: Are we ready? Workshop summary","author":"Knobler","year":"2005"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03063","article-title":"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza","volume":"432","author":"Mills","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2808.212241","article-title":"Novel reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, China, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.201201","article-title":"Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, Western China, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Swans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2048971","article-title":"Human infection with avian-origin H5N6 influenza a virus after exposure to slaughtered poultry","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infections"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Disease control priorities: Improving health and reducing poverty. chapter 17 pandemics","volume-title":"Risks, impacts, and mitigation","author":"Madhav","year":"2018"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27668-9","article-title":"National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Van Bavel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102855","article-title":"The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147866","article-title":"Monkeypox: A new threat","volume":"23","author":"Kmiec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00775-4","article-title":"Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions","volume":"22","author":"Lum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02163-13","article-title":"Genomewide analysis of reassortment and evolution of human influenza a (H3N2) viruses circulating between 1968 and 2011","volume":"88","author":"Westgeest","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.10.003","article-title":"The changing nature of avian influenza a virus (H5N1)","volume":"20","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189132","article-title":"Reassortment of pandemic H1N1\/2009 influenza a virus in swine","volume":"328","author":"Vijaykrishna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111745","article-title":"New technologies for influenza vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Rockman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13171.1","article-title":"Are current avian influenza vaccines a solution for smallholder poultry farmers","volume":"4","author":"Guyonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00787-06","article-title":"Vaccination of pigs against swine influenza viruses by using an NS1-truncated modified live-virus vaccine","volume":"80","author":"Richt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.026","article-title":"Influenza a virus vaccines for swine","volume":"206","author":"Vincent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00759-2","article-title":"Universal influenza virus neuraminidase vaccine elicits protective immune responses against human seasonal and pre-pandemic strains","volume":"95","author":"Skarlupka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.072","article-title":"Universal influenza vaccine based on conserved antigens provides long-term durability of immune responses and durable broad protection against diverse challenge virus strains in mice","volume":"39","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B71","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of BPL-1357, a BPL-inactivated, whole-virus, universal influenza vaccine NCT05027932","year":"","journal-title":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.009","article-title":"Universal influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1118-7","article-title":"A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial","volume":"27","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00344","article-title":"The quest for a truly universal influenza vaccine definition of universal protection","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2027906","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based covid-19 vaccine candidates","volume":"383","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00947-8","article-title":"Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data","volume":"397","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2024671","article-title":"Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates","volume":"383","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.035","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical demonstration of immunogenicity by mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses","volume":"25","author":"Bahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.074","article-title":"mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6077","article-title":"Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection","volume":"86","author":"Malone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.200","article-title":"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability","volume":"16","author":"Karik\u00f3","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00197","article-title":"Modifications in an emergency: The role of N1- methylpseudouridine in COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Nance","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.038","article-title":"mRNA vaccines manufacturing: Challenges and bottlenecks","volume":"39","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.75","article-title":"Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using clustal omega","volume":"7","author":"Sievers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3290","article-title":"Clustal omega for making accurate alignments of many protein sequences","volume":"27","author":"Sievers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"Multiple sequence alignments. bioinformatics","author":"Sievers","year":"2020"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1006","article-title":"The immune epitope database (IEDB): 2018 update","volume":"47","author":"Vita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1876774","article-title":"Applying high throughput and comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches to design a trivalent subunit vaccine for induction of immune response against emerging human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"40","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomol Structure Dynam"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03932-2","article-title":"Designing a multi\u2212epitope vaccine to provoke the robust immune response against influenza a H7N9","volume":"11","author":"Tarrahimofrad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-020-00334-6","article-title":"Designing a chimeric subunit vaccine for influenza virus, based on HA2, M2e and CTxB: a bioinformatics study","volume":"21","author":"Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01784","article-title":"Contriving multi-epitope subunit of vaccine for COVID-19: Immunoinformatics approaches","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.01.018","article-title":"A novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against cancer : An in silico approach","volume":"349","author":"Nezafat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.05.012","article-title":"mRNA delivery for therapeutic anti-HER2 antibody expression","volume":"27","author":"Rybakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"In Vivo Mol Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl343","article-title":"AlgPred: Prediction of allergenic proteins and mapping of IgE epitopes","volume":"34","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B95","volume-title":"Lehninger principles of biochemistry","author":"Nelson","year":"2021"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr335","article-title":"Immune system simulation online","volume":"27","author":"Rapin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.169","article-title":"The ClusPro web server for protein-protein docking","volume":"12","author":"Kozakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21117","article-title":"PIPER : An FFT-based protein docking program with pairwise potentials","volume":"65","author":"Kozakov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.032","article-title":"Identifying candidate subunit vaccines using an alignment-independent method based on principal amino acid properties","volume":"25","author":"Doytchinova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4","article-title":"VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Doytchinova","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview version 2-a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench","volume":"25","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571","article-title":"Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server; the proteomics protocols handbook","volume":"112","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Humana Press"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty1018","article-title":"Commonly misunderstood parameters of NCBI BLAST and important considerations for users","volume":"35","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8754","article-title":"Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a 3-track neural network","volume":"373","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2011.09.022","article-title":"Atomic-level protein structure refinement using fragment guided molecular dynamics conformation sampling","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt458","article-title":"GalaxyRefine: protein structure refinement driven by side-chain repacking","volume":"41","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025884\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:46:31Z","timestamp":1665985591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025884\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"article-number":"1025884"}}