{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:14:46Z","timestamp":1787026486652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/10127-1, 2020\/06409-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/10127-1, 2020\/06409-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93019C00065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-021239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-021239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Coronavac is a widely used SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, but its long-term immune response assessment is still lacking. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, including T cell activation markers, antigen-specific cytokine production and antibody response following vaccination in 53 adult and elderly individuals participating in a phase 3 clinical trial. Activated follicular helper T (Tfh), non-Tfh and memory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells were detected in almost all subjects early after the first vaccine dose. Activated memory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells were predominantly of central and effector memory T cell phenotypes and were sustained for at least 6 months. We also detected a balanced Th1-, Th2- and Th17\/Th22-type cytokine production that was associated with response over time, together with particular cytokine profile linked to poor responses in older vaccinees. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels peaked 14 days after the second dose and were mostly stable over one year. CoronaVac was able to induce a potent and durable antiviral antigen-specific cellular response and the cytokine profiles related to the response over time and impacted by the senescence were defined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1032411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T02:55:04Z","timestamp":1666320904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Priscilla Ramos","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Argondizo","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Prado","family":"Marmorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Zanatta de Carvalho","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus Vailant","family":"Thomazella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cabral da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Soares","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianne Fagotti","family":"Gusm\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Carvalho","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Grifoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Weiskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Scharf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esper Georges","family":"Kall\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ssia Gisele Terrassani","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.XCRM.2020.100081","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-Specific T cells exhibit phenotypic features of helper function, lack of terminal differentiation, and high proliferation potential","volume":"1","author":"Neidleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMMUNI.2020.04.023","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals","volume":"52","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/D41586-022-00079-6","article-title":"Omicron thwarts some of the world\u2019s most-used COVID vaccines","volume":"601","author":"Dolgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13063-020-04775-4","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating healthcare professionals with the adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) vaccine manufactured by sinovac - 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