{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:28:16Z","timestamp":1790728096632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les H\u00e9patites Virales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASA21007CRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASA21007CRA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEQ20160334893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEQ20160334893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les H\u00e9patites Virales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECTZ136480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ136480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les H\u00e9patites Virales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECTZ72972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ72972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B, C and D viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV, respectively) specifically infect human hepatocytes and often establish chronic viral infections of the liver, thus escaping antiviral immunity for years. Like other viruses, hepatitis viruses rely on the cellular machinery to meet their energy and metabolite requirements for replication. Although this was initially considered passive parasitism, studies have shown that hepatitis viruses actively rewire cellular metabolism through molecular interactions with specific enzymes such as glucokinase, the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. As part of research efforts in the field of immunometabolism, it has also been shown that metabolic changes induced by viruses could have a direct impact on the innate antiviral response. Conversely, detection of viral components by innate immunity receptors not only triggers the activation of the antiviral defense but also induces in-depth metabolic reprogramming that is essential to support immunological functions. Altogether, these complex triangular interactions between viral components, innate immunity and hepatocyte metabolism may explain why chronic hepatitis infections progressively lead to liver inflammation and progression to cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this manuscript, we first present a global overview of known connections between the innate antiviral response and cellular metabolism. We then report known molecular mechanisms by which hepatitis viruses interfere with cellular metabolism in hepatocytes and discuss potential consequences on the innate immune response. Finally, we present evidence that drugs targeting hepatocyte metabolism could be used as an innovative strategy not only to deprive viruses of key metabolites, but also to restore the innate antiviral response that is necessary to clear infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T07:30:41Z","timestamp":1668670241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["What role for cellular metabolism in the control of hepatitis viruses?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Vidalain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Rami\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lotteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Perrin-Cocon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071388","article-title":"Obesity and leptin resistance in the regulation of the type I interferon early response and the increased risk for severe COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Muskiet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20316-8","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus rigs the cellular metabolome to avoid innate immune recognition","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno1010001","article-title":"Reprogramming of central carbon metabolism in myeloid cells upon innate immune receptor stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-419747","article-title":"Commitment to glycolysis sustains survival of NO-producing inflammatory dendritic cells","volume":"120","author":"Everts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2833","article-title":"TLR-driven early glycolytic reprogramming via the kinases TBK1-IKKepsilon supports the anabolic demands of dendritic cell activation","volume":"15","author":"Everts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249540","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation","volume":"115","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40791","article-title":"TLR4 antagonist FP7 inhibits LPS-induced cytokine production and glycolytic reprogramming in dendritic cells, and protects mice from lethal influenza infection","volume":"7","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701522","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4-induced glycolytic burst in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells results from p38-dependent stabilization of HIF-1alpha and increased hexokinase II expression","volume":"201","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04804-6","article-title":"Glycolytic metabolism is essential for CCR7 oligomerization and dendritic cell migration","volume":"9","author":"Guak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101147","article-title":"Human and murine macrophages exhibit differential metabolic responses to lipopolysaccharide - a divergent role for glycolysis","volume":"22","author":"Vijayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501557","article-title":"Cutting edge: Critical role of glycolysis in human plasmacytoid dendritic cell antiviral responses","volume":"196","author":"Bajwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03070","article-title":"Human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells display distinct metabolic profile upon RIG-I activation","volume":"9","author":"Fekete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3HI0220-130","article-title":"Frontline science: AMPK regulates metabolic reprogramming necessary for interferon production in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"109","author":"Hurley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02489","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets undergo distinct metabolic reprogramming for immune response","volume":"9","author":"Basit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081488","article-title":"Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway promote LPS-induced NOX2 oxidase- and IFN-\u03b2-Dependent inflammation in macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Erlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.005","article-title":"Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates hif-1alpha activity and IL-1beta induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Palsson-McDermott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.046","article-title":"mTORC1-induced HK1-dependent glycolysis regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"12","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.016","article-title":"Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis","volume":"153","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56319-6_11","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of myeloid cells upon TLR4 stimulation","volume-title":"The role of toll-like receptor 4 in infectious and non infectious inflammation","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.482026","article-title":"Akt phosphorylates HK-II at thr-473 and increases mitochondrial HK-II association to protect cardiomyocytes","volume":"288","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017674","article-title":"Subcellular localization of hexokinases I and II directs the metabolic fate of glucose","volume":"6","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986","article-title":"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1beta through HIF-1alpha","volume":"496","author":"Tannahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.008","article-title":"Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14433-7","article-title":"Nitric oxide orchestrates metabolic rewiring in M1 macrophages by targeting aconitase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase","volume":"11","author":"Palmieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0301-1","article-title":"Signaling networks in immunometabolism","volume":"30","author":"Saravia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071091","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus infection and intrinsic disorder in the signaling pathways induced by toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Redwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.829923","article-title":"Regulation of pattern-recognition receptor signaling by HBX during hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"13","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489966","article-title":"Characterization of pattern recognition receptor expression and functionality in liver primary cells and derived cell lines","volume":"10","author":"Faure-Dupuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113019","article-title":"Characterization of RNA sensing pathways in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes","volume":"10","author":"Nicolay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12174","article-title":"Long-term stimulation of toll-like receptor 3 in primary human hepatocytes leads to sensitization for antiviral responses induced by poly I:C treatment","volume":"21","author":"Broering","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31112","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus particles activate toll-like receptor 2 signaling initially upon infection of primary human hepatocytes","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105386","article-title":"Insights on the antiviral mechanisms of action of the TLR1\/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 in hepatitis b virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes","volume":"206","author":"Desmares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0207128","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 1 and 6 are involved in TLR2-mediated macrophage activation by hepatitis c virus core and NS3 proteins","volume":"82","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408824102","article-title":"Immune evasion by hepatitis c virus NS3\/4A protease-mediated cleavage of the toll-like receptor 3 adaptor protein TRIF","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22751","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201625","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus surface antigen selectively inhibits TLR2 ligand-induced IL-12 production in monocytes\/macrophages by interfering with JNK activation","volume":"190","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23525-w","article-title":"Direct antiviral properties of TLR ligands against HBV replication in immune-competent hepatocytes","volume":"8","author":"Lucifora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i14.2262","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus induces expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes via TLR2 in HepG2 cells","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03284-1","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus particles activate b cells through the TLR2-MyD88-mTOR axis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900065","article-title":"TLR2 stimulation increases cellular metabolism in CD8+ T cells and thereby enhances CD8+ T cell activation, function, and antiviral activity","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2689-2699.2005","article-title":"Regulating intracellular antiviral defense and permissiveness to hepatitis c virus RNA replication through a cellular RNA helicase, RIG-I","volume":"79","author":"Sumpter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606699104","article-title":"Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2","volume":"104","author":"Saito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27227","article-title":"HepG2 cells mount an effective antiviral interferon-lambda based innate immune response to hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"60","author":"Israelow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.02.021","article-title":"Hepatitis d virus replication is sensed by MDA5 and induces IFN-\u03b2\/\u03bb responses in hepatocytes","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.001","article-title":"O-GlcNAc transferase links glucose metabolism to MAVS-mediated antiviral innate immunity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.003","article-title":"Lactate is a natural suppressor of RLR signaling by targeting MAVS","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22002","article-title":"Pyruvate carboxylase activates the RIG-i-like receptor-mediated antiviral immune response by targeting the MAVS signalosome","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01749-3","article-title":"A hexokinase isoenzyme switch in human liver cancer cells promotes lipogenesis and enhances innate immunity","volume":"4","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01825-10","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus regulatory HBx protein binds to adaptor protein IPS-1 and inhibits the activation of beta interferon","volume":"85","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.36","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus X protein suppresses virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN-beta induction by disrupting the VISA-associated complex","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903874","article-title":"The hepatitis b virus X protein disrupts innate immunity by downregulating mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein","volume":"185","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508531102","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus protease NS3\/4A cleaves mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein off the mitochondria to evade innate immunity","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601523103","article-title":"Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-\u03b2 promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"103","author":"Loo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23426","article-title":"Cleavage of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis c correlates with a reduced activation of the endogenous interferon system","volume":"51","author":"Bellecave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04193","article-title":"Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis c virus","volume":"437","author":"Meylan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003533","article-title":"A distinct role of riplet-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of the RIG-I repressor domain in human antiviral innate immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Oshiumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082604","article-title":"Regulation of interferon regulatory factor-3 by the hepatitis c virus serine protease","volume":"300","author":"Foy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0052","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway: A molecular link between immunity and metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611113114","article-title":"Chronic innate immune activation of TBK1 suppresses mTORC1 activity and dysregulates cellular metabolism","volume":"114","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.053","article-title":"Poxviruses evade cytosolic sensing through disruption of an mTORC1-mTORC2 regulatory circuit","volume":"174","author":"Meade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28685","article-title":"Lack of immunological DNA sensing in hepatocytes facilitates hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"64","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E592","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060592","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus DNA is a substrate for the cGAS\/STING pathway but is not sensed in infected hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Lauterbach-Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2022.06.003","article-title":"Replication stress triggered by nucleotide pool imbalance drives DNA damage and cGAS-STING pathway activation in NAFLD","volume":"57","author":"Donne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01785-3","article-title":"HBx inhibits DNA sensing signaling pathway via ubiquitination and autophagy of cGAS","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02760-14","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus polymerase disrupts K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to block innate cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26017","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus NS4B protein targets STING and abrogates RIG-i-mediated type I interferon-dependent innate immunity","volume":"57","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.019","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus NS4B blocks the interaction of STING and TBK1 to evade host innate immunity","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/100.2.109","article-title":"The effect of animal viruses on host cell metabolism II. effect of poliomyelitis virus on GLycolysis and uptake of glycine by monkey kidney tissue cultures","volume":"100","author":"Levy","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.4.537","article-title":"Studies on persistent infections of tissue cultures: I. general aspects of the system","volume":"108","author":"Henle","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01533","article-title":"Hijacking the supplies: Metabolism as a novel facet of virus-host interaction","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202608199","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"99","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.003","article-title":"Combined analysis of metabolomes, proteomes, and transcriptomes of hepatitis c virus\u2013infected cells and liver to identify pathways associated with disease development","volume":"157","author":"Lupberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.01.007","article-title":"A broad investigation of the HBV-mediated changes to primary hepatocyte physiology reveals HBV significantly alters metabolic pathways","volume":"83","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.636897","article-title":"Multifaceted interaction between hepatitis b virus infection and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes: A potential target of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis b","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00769-09","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus-linked mitochondrial dysfunction promotes hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha-mediated glycolytic adaptation","volume":"84","author":"Ripoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008866","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis supports hepatitis b virus protein synthesis through interaction between viral surface antigen and pyruvate kinase isoform M2","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03200","article-title":"Quantitative 13 c traces of glucose fate in hepatitis b virus-infected hepatocytes","volume":"89","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30846","article-title":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulates hepatitis c virus replication","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009746","article-title":"Glycometabolism regulates hepatitis c virus release","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111410","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus downregulates core subunits of oxidative phosphorylation, reminiscent of the warburg effect in cancer cells","volume":"8","author":"Gerresheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2193","article-title":"Nuclear receptors control pro-viral and antiviral metabolic responses to hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000719","article-title":"Temporal proteome and lipidome profiles reveal hepatitis c virus-associated reprogramming of hepatocellular metabolism and bioenergetics","volume":"6","author":"Diamond","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061321","article-title":"Cellular gene expression during hepatitis c virus replication as revealed by ribosome profiling","volume":"20","author":"Gerresheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i43.12361","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus NS5A promotes insulin resistance through IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and increased gluconeogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Parvaiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.384743","article-title":"Increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression and steatosis during hepatitis c virus subgenome replication: role of nonstructural component 5A and CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein \u03b2","volume":"287","author":"Qadri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-74","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus E2 protein involve in insulin resistance through an impairment of Akt\/PKB and GSK3\u03b2 signaling in hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.056","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus infection and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance","volume":"126","author":"Shintani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01447.x","article-title":"Hepatitis c core protein impairs insulin downstream signalling and regulatory role of IGFBP-1 expression","volume":"19","author":"Alberstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160088","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein impairs metabolic disorder of liver cell via HOTAIR-Sirt1 signalling","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioscience Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":e539\u201345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.01.027","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein induces hepatic metabolism disorders through down-regulation of the SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.12.029","article-title":"HCV replication suppresses cellular glucose uptake through down-regulation of cell surface expression of glucose transporters","volume":"50","author":"Kasai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02862-13","article-title":"Activity of hexokinase is increased by its interaction with hepatitis c virus protein NS5A","volume":"88","author":"Ramiere","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020919","article-title":"Domain 2 of hepatitis c virus protein NS5A activates glucokinase and induces lipogenesis in hepatocytes","volume":"23","author":"Perrin-Cocon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.08.006","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus (HBV) X protein-mediated regulation of hepatocyte metabolic pathways affects viral replication","volume":"498","author":"Bagga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":6694\u2013713","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16544","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 by host transcription factor speckled 110\u2009kDa during hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"289","author":"Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01593-5","article-title":"C-terminal truncated HBx initiates hepatocarcinogenesis by downregulating TXNIP and reprogramming glucose metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2421-3","article-title":"Comparative study of the different activities of hepatitis b virus whole-X protein and HBx in hepatocarcinogenesis by proteomics and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1980","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.322","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus stimulates G6PD expression through HBx-mediated Nrf2 activation","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41089","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses reveal metabolic alterations regulated by hepatitis b virus core protein in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2010.00645.x","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus surface antigen interacts with acid alpha-glucosidase and alters glycogen metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122373","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus pre-S2 mutant induces aerobic glycolysis through mammalian target of rapamycin signal cascade","volume":"10","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27360","article-title":"Technical standards for hepatitis b virus X protein (HBx) research","volume":"61","author":"Slagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00953.x","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein, lipid droplets and steatosis","volume":"15","author":"Roingeard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0396com","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity and very low density lipoprotein secretion: a model of viral-related steatosis","volume":"16","author":"Perlemuter","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.14.6919-6928.2002","article-title":"Characterization of low- and very-low-density hepatitis c virus RNA-containing particles","volume":"76","author":"Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004233","article-title":"Secretion of hepatitis c virus envelope glycoproteins depends on assembly of apolipoprotein b positive lipoproteins","volume":"4","author":"Icard","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-008-0447-2","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus budding at lipid droplet-associated ER membrane visualized by 3D electron microscopy","volume":"130","author":"Roingeard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1213-0","article-title":"Sequential biogenesis of host cell membrane rearrangements induced by hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"70","author":"Ferraris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.582999","article-title":"Modulation of triglyceride and cholesterol ester synthesis impairs assembly of infectious hepatitis c virus*","volume":"289","author":"Liefhebber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02286","article-title":"Modulation of lipid droplet metabolism-a potential target for therapeutic intervention in flaviviridae infections","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030389","article-title":"Lipid droplets accumulation during hepatitis c virus infection in cell-culture varies among genotype 1\u20133 strains and does not correlate with virus replication","volume":"13","author":"Galli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094460","article-title":"Prominent steatosis with hypermetabolism of the cell line permissive for years of infection with hepatitis c virus","volume":"9","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2238","article-title":"Efficient hepatitis c virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1","volume":"16","author":"Herker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003302","article-title":"Lipid droplet-binding protein TIP47 regulates hepatitis c virus RNA replication through interaction with the viral NS5A protein","volume":"9","author":"Vogt","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.052","article-title":"Quantitative lipid droplet proteome analysis identifies annexin A3 as a cofactor for HCV particle production","volume":"16","author":"R\u00f6sch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":jcs217042","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.217042","article-title":"Perilipin-2 is critical for efficient lipoprotein and hepatitis c virus particle production","volume":"132","author":"Lassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.11.005","article-title":"Assembly of infectious hepatitis c virus particles","volume":"19","author":"Bartenschlager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2418-2428.2006","article-title":"Association between hepatitis c virus and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)\/LDL analyzed in iodixanol density gradients","volume":"80","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.175018","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis c virus particles and determination of their lipidome","volume":"286","author":"Merz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198849","article-title":"Association of hepatitis c virus in human sera with beta-lipoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Thomssen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25628","article-title":"High plasma level of nucleocapsid-free envelope glycoprotein-positive lipoproteins in hepatitis c patients","volume":"56","author":"Scholtes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00914-08","article-title":"Apolipoprotein c1 association with hepatitis c virus","volume":"82","author":"Meunier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.538256","article-title":"The association of hepatitis c virus glycoproteins with apolipoproteins e and b early in assembly is conserved in lipoviral particles","volume":"289","author":"Boyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12766","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor","volume":"96","author":"Agnello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67982","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067982","article-title":"Apolipoprotein e mediates attachment of clinical hepatitis c virus to hepatocytes by binding to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104746200","article-title":"New insights into the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding activity of apolipoprotein e","volume":"276","author":"Libeu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007874","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007874","article-title":"Human apolipoprotein e promotes hepatitis b virus infection and production","volume":"15","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":e1009722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009722","article-title":"Human low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an important role in hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.06.002","article-title":"Complex lipid metabolic remodeling is required for efficient hepatitis c virus replication","volume":"1863","author":"Hofmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31788","article-title":"Differentiated cells in prolonged hypoxia produce highly infectious native-like hepatitis c virus particles","volume":"74","author":"Cochard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.019810","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus proteins induce lipogenesis and defective triglyceride secretion in transgenic mice","volume":"284","author":"Lerat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.03.014","article-title":"Modulation of fatty acid synthase enzyme activity and expression during hepatitis c virus replication","volume":"20","author":"Nasheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1200","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein shows a cytoplasmic localization and associates to cellular lipid storage\u2009droplets","volume":"94","author":"Barba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf414","article-title":"Intramembrane proteolysis promotes trafficking of hepatitis c virus core protein to lipid droplets","volume":"21","author":"McLauchlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601031200","article-title":"Structural determinants that target the hepatitis c virus core protein to lipid droplets","volume":"281","author":"Boulant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-7-1527","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein induces hepatic steatosis in transgenic mice","volume":"78","author":"Moriya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2053","article-title":"The core protein of hepatitis c virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice","volume":"4","author":"Moriya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.285148","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein decreases lipid droplet turnover: A MECHANISM FOR CORE-INDUCED STEATOSIS*","volume":"286","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22288","article-title":"Morphological changes in intracellular lipid droplets induced by different hepatitis c virus genotype core sequences and relationship with steatosis","volume":"48","author":"Piodi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2008.00767.x","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus core protein induces lipid droplet redistribution in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner","volume":"9","author":"Boulant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.101","article-title":"Dynamics of lipid droplets induced by the hepatitis c virus core protein","volume":"399","author":"Lyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066738","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of alterations to cellular metabolism by domain 2 of the hepatitis c virus core protein","volume":"8","author":"Mazumder","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115309","article-title":"HCV 3a core protein increases lipid droplet cholesteryl ester content via a mechanism dependent on sphingolipid biosynthesis","volume":"9","author":"Loizides-Mangold","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707329200","article-title":"The lipid droplet binding domain of hepatitis c virus core protein is a major determinant for efficient virus assembly","volume":"282","author":"Shavinskaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82898-0","article-title":"Disrupting the association of hepatitis c virus core protein with lipid droplets correlates with a loss in production of infectious virus","volume":"88","author":"Boulant","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.05.017","article-title":"Rab18 is required for viral assembly of hepatitis c virus through trafficking of the core protein to lipid droplets","author":"Dansako","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.434910","article-title":"Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 localizes hepatitis c virus NS5A protein to lipid droplets and enhances NS5A interaction with the viral capsid core","volume":"288","author":"Camus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003513","article-title":"Rab18 binds to hepatitis c virus NS5A and promotes interaction between sites of viral replication and lipid droplets","volume":"9","author":"Salloum","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00826-08","article-title":"Interaction of hepatitis c virus nonstructural protein 5A with core protein is critical for the production of infectious virus particles","volume":"82","author":"Masaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22508","article-title":"Fatty acid synthase is up-regulated during hepatitis c virus infection and regulates hepatitis c virus entry and production","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1136-y","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus nonstructural protein 5A perturbs lipid metabolism by modulating AMPK\/SREBP-1c signaling","volume":"18","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3190","article-title":"Hepatitis c virus infection activates an innate pathway involving IKK-\u03b1 in lipogenesis and viral assembly","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20427","article-title":"cDNA microarray analysis of HBV transgenic mouse liver identifies genes in lipid biosynthetic and growth control pathways affected by HBV","volume":"77","author":"Hajjou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.06.021","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis b virus proteins in transgenic mice alters lipid metabolism and induces oxidative stress in the liver","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0340-2","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus inhibits apolipoprotein A5 expression through its core gene","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0607-2","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus inhibits the in vivo and in vitro synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein C3","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.039","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus X protein induces hepatic steatosis Via transcriptional activation of SREBP1 and PPAR\u03b3","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02604-15","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus X protein induces hepatic steatosis by enhancing the expression of liver fatty acid binding protein","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22740","article-title":"Liver X receptor mediates hepatitis b virus X protein\u2013induced lipogenesis in hepatitis b virus\u2013associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Na","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12372","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus X induces inflammation and cancer in mice liver through dysregulation of cytoskeletal remodeling and lipid metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6817","article-title":"HBx regulates fatty acid oxidation to promote hepatocellular carcinoma survival during metabolic stress","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12651","article-title":"NAMPT promotes hepatitis b virus replication and liver cancer cell proliferation through the regulation of aerobic glycolysis","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis b and d virus","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17704","article-title":"In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus","volume":"112","author":"Bordier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13651","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis d-what is changing","volume":"29","author":"Yardeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.09.015","article-title":"Enhancement of genotype 1 hepatitis c virus replication by bile acids through FXR","volume":"48","author":"Scholtes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036029","article-title":"Bile acids specifically increase hepatitis c virus RNA-replication","volume":"7","author":"Chhatwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00883-08","article-title":"Transactivation of the hepatitis b virus core promoter by the nuclear receptor FXRalpha","volume":"82","author":"Ramiere","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801181R","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor-alpha is a proviral host factor for hepatitis b virus that is inhibited by ligands in vitro and in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Mouzannar","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01771-17","article-title":"Silencing retinoid X receptor alpha expression enhances early-stage hepatitis b virus infection in cell cultures","volume":"92","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27159","article-title":"Binding of hepatitis b virus to its cellular receptor alters the expression profile of genes of bile acid metabolism","volume":"60","author":"Oehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M079533","article-title":"Intracellular hepatitis b virus increases hepatic cholesterol deposition in alcoholic fatty liver via hepatitis b core protein","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25562","article-title":"Mycophenolic acid augments interferon-stimulated gene expression and inhibits hepatitis c virus infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02700-15","article-title":"Cross talk between nucleotide synthesis pathways with cellular immunity in constraining hepatitis e virus replication","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23985","article-title":"Ribavirin potentiates interferon action by augmenting interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatitis c virus cell culture models","volume":"53","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-309011","article-title":"Ribavirin restores IFN\u03b1 responsiveness in HCV-infected livers by epigenetic remodelling at interferon stimulated genes","volume":"65","author":"Testoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010210","article-title":"Guanosine inhibits hepatitis c virus replication and increases indel frequencies, associated with altered intracellular nucleotide pools","volume":"18","author":"Sabariegos","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01339-5","article-title":"Mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide, and mycophenolic acid directly promote hepatitis b virus replication and expression in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25602","article-title":"The inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis leflunomide, FK778, and mycophenolic acid activate hepatitis b virus replication in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Hoppe-Seyler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B181","article-title":"The effect of mycophenolate acid on hepatitis b virus replication in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(00)00121-2","article-title":"Ribavirin and mycophenolic acid potentiate the activity of guanine- and diaminopurine-based nucleoside analogues against hepatitis b virus","volume":"48","author":"Ying","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.4.859-866.2000","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor VX-497: a comparison with ribavirin and demonstration of antiviral additivity with alpha interferon","volume":"44","author":"Markland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00163.x","article-title":"Mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressive agent, inhibits HBV replication in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200101150-00026","article-title":"The addition of mycophenolate mofetil for suppressing hepatitis b virus replication in liver recipients who developed lamivudine resistance\u2013no beneficial effect","volume":"71","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101143108","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral that interferes with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis","volume":"108","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00091","article-title":"Discovery, optimization, and target identification of novel potent broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104967","article-title":"Drug screening identified gemcitabine inhibiting hepatitis e virus by inducing interferon-like response via activation of STAT1 phosphorylation","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317065","article-title":"Combined small molecule and loss-of-function screen uncovers estrogen receptor alpha and CAD as host factors for HDV infection and antiviral targets","volume":"69","author":"Verrier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.50230","article-title":"Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway promotes the antiviral activity of SAMHD1 by enhancing O-GlcNAc transferase-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.084","article-title":"Solute carrier NTCP regulates innate antiviral immune responses targeting hepatitis c virus infection of hepatocytes","volume":"17","author":"Verrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-236372","article-title":"The metabolic sensors FXRalpha, PGC-1alpha, and SIRT1 cooperatively regulate hepatitis b virus transcription","volume":"28","author":"Curtil","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00363.2015","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB regulates the expression of multiple genes encoding liver transport proteins","volume":"310","author":"Balasubramaniyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22519","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor antagonizes nuclear factor kappaB in hepatic inflammatory response","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01853","article-title":"Bile acids activated receptors regulate innate immunity","volume":"9","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24575","article-title":"Vitamin d: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis c virus in human hepatocytes","volume":"54","author":"Gal-Tanamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":10.4172\/2324-8955.1000129","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8955.1000129","article-title":"Vitamin d metabolites inhibit hepatitis c virus and modulate cellular gene expression","volume":"3","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol Antivir Res"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081806","article-title":"17\u03b2-oestradiol protects from hepatitis c virus infection through induction of type I interferon","volume":"14","author":"Barbaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00577-x","article-title":"Citraconate inhibits ACOD1 (IRG1) catalysis, reduces interferon responses and oxidative stress, and modulates inflammation and cell metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.05.007","article-title":"The immunomodulatory potential of the metabolite itaconate","volume":"40","author":"Hooftman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108306","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108306","article-title":"Host succinate inhibits influenza virus infection through succinylation and nuclear retention of the viral nucleoprotein","volume":"41","author":"Guillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010366","article-title":"Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) broadly inhibits viral infections via triggering NMDAR\/Ca2+ influx and CaMKII\/ IRF3-mediated IFN-\u03b2 production","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.151","article-title":"Homeostasis-altering molecular processes as mechanisms of inflammasome activation","volume":"17","author":"Liston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0270273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270273","article-title":"Targeting lipid biosynthesis pathways for hepatitis b virus cure","volume":"17","author":"Hyrina","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.7536","article-title":"Worsening of serum lipid profile after direct acting antiviral treatment","volume":"17","author":"Gitto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27424","article-title":"Effect of sofosbuvir and ribavirin treatment on peripheral and hepatic lipid metabolism in chronic hepatitis c virus, genotype 1-infected patients","volume":"61","author":"Meissner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27581","article-title":"Sofosbuvir modulates the intimate relationship between hepatitis c virus and lipids","volume":"61","author":"Romero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033314\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T07:30:47Z","timestamp":1668670247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033314\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":207,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"article-number":"1033314"}}