{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:45:50Z","timestamp":1772246750161,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have proven effective in eliciting a protective immune response in healthy individuals, their ability to induce a durable immune response in immunocompromised individuals remains poorly understood. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) syndromes are among the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in adults and are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired ability to mount robust antibody responses following infection or vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we present an analysis of both the B and T cell response in a prospective cohort of 30 individuals with PAD up to 150 days following initial COVID-19 vaccination and 150 days post mRNA booster vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After the primary vaccination series, many of the individuals with PAD syndromes mounted SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B and CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell responses that overall were comparable to healthy individuals. Nonetheless, individuals with PAD syndromes had reduced IgG1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD11c\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      memory B cell responses following the primary vaccination series, with the defect in IgG1 class-switching rescued following mRNA booster doses. Boosting also elicited an increase in the SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell response and the development of Omicron-specific memory B cells in COVID-19-na\u00efve PAD patients. Individuals that lacked detectable B cell responses following primary vaccination did not benefit from booster vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit memory B and T cells in most PAD patients and highlights the importance of booster vaccination in immunodeficient individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T07:46:48Z","timestamp":1671695208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination rescues attenuated IgG1 memory B cell response in primary antibody deficiency patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexa Michelle Altman","family":"Doss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah G.","family":"Davis-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"VanBlargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita E.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Marie","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. James","family":"Wedner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kulczycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarisa L.","family":"Mantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin C.","family":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang R.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Rigell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany Biason","family":"Dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Kau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson S.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane A.","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daved H.","family":"Fremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggy L.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali H.","family":"Ellebedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Mudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Laidlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"WHO coronavirus (COV-19) dashboard2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6564","article-title":"Asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections after BNT162b2 vaccination in a routinely screened workforce","volume":"325","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7152","article-title":"Association between vaccination with BNT162b2 and incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among health care workers","volume":"325","author":"Angel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00947-8","article-title":"Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data","volume":"397","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100150","article-title":"Decreased infectivity following BNT162b2 vaccination: A prospective cohort study in Israel","volume":"7","author":"Regev-Yochay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Heal - Europe"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2116185","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the united states and Mexico","volume":"386","author":"Dunkle","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04527-1","article-title":"Germinal centre-driven maturation of b cell response to mRNA vaccination","volume":"604","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04386-2","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 omicron antigenic shift","volume":"602","author":"Cameroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04466-x","article-title":"Memory b cell repertoire from triple vaccinees against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"603","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.033","article-title":"mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant","volume":"185","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6105","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine\u2013elicited human sera","volume":"371","author":"Muik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.010","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with inborn errors of immunity: An international study","volume":"147","author":"Meyts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac008","article-title":"Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency in the united kingdom","author":"Shields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01174-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"42","author":"Arroyo-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01507-2","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy","volume":"27","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201381","article-title":"mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster fosters b- and T-cell responses in immunocompromised patients","volume":"5","author":"Azzolini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324789","article-title":"Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD","volume":"70","author":"Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(21)00212-5","article-title":"The effect of methotrexate and targeted immunosuppression on humoral and cellular immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2: a cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Mahil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257646","article-title":"Humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in dialysis patients: Integrating anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-Protein-RBD antibody monitoring to manage dialysis centers in pandemic times","volume":"16","author":"Bachelet","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2021040490","article-title":"Humoral response after SARS-Cov-2 mRNA vaccine in a cohort of hemodialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients","volume":"32","author":"Danthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M21","DOI":"10.7326\/m21-1757","article-title":"Effect of immunosuppression on the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"174","author":"Deepak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.002","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with inborn errors of immunity","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100653","article-title":"mRNA vaccine boosting enhances antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in individuals with antibody deficiency syndromes","volume":"3","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Prevention c for DC and COVID-19 vaccines for people who are moderately or severely immunocompromised2022"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3466","article-title":"Primary antibody deficiencies","volume":"13","author":"Durandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000929","article-title":"Current genetic landscape in common variable immune deficiency","volume":"135","author":"Abolhassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00636","article-title":"Evaluating the genetics of common variable immunodeficiency: Monogenetic model and beyond","volume":"9","author":"de Valles-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103690","article-title":"Genes associated with common variable immunodeficiency: one diagnosis to rule them all","volume":"53","author":"Bogaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00220","article-title":"Genetic diagnosis using whole exome sequencing in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"7","author":"Maffucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.039","article-title":"Loss-of-function nuclear factor \u03baB subunit 1 (NFKB1) variants are the most common monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiency in europeans","volume":"142","author":"Tuijnenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.11.027","article-title":"Immunoglobulin treatment in primary antibody deficiency","volume":"37","author":"Maarschalk-Ellerbroek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Ag"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aci.0000000000000696","article-title":"Global immunoglobulin supply: steaming towards the iceberg","volume":"20","author":"Prevot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Cl"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.026","article-title":"The arrival of SARS-CoV-2\u2013neutralizing antibodies in a currently available commercial immunoglobulin","volume":"149","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses","volume":"596","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000583","article-title":"A potently neutralizing antibody protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"205","author":"Alsoussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.011","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 infection model in mice demonstrates protection by neutralizing antibodies","volume":"182","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v99.5.1544","article-title":"Severe deficiency of switched memory b cells (CD27+IgM\u2013IgD\u2013) in subgroups of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: a new approach to classify a heterogeneous disease","volume":"99","author":"Warnatz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1025373601374","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency patient classification based on impaired b cell memory differentiation correlates with clinical aspects","volume":"23","author":"Piqueras","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.02.017","article-title":"Defects in memory b-cell and plasma cell subsets expressing different immunoglobulin-subclasses in patients with CVID and immunoglobulin subclass deficiencies","volume":"144","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901297","article-title":"Atypical memory b cells are greatly expanded in individuals living in a malaria-endemic area","volume":"183","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108684","article-title":"Atypical b cells are part of an alternative lineage of b cells that participates in responses to vaccination and infection in humans","volume":"34","author":"Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06089-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal segregation of human marginal zone and memory b cell populations in lymphoid tissue","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00032","article-title":"CD11c+ b cells are mainly memory cells, precursors of antibody secreting cells in healthy donors","volume":"11","author":"Golinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1769","article-title":"BCR-signalling synergizes with TLR-signalling for induction of AID and immunoglobulin class-switching through the non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"3","author":"Pone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000322","article-title":"TRAF3 acts as a checkpoint of b cell receptor signaling to control antibody class switch recombination and anergy","volume":"205","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3533","article-title":"Defining antigen-specific plasmablast and memory b cell subsets in human blood after viral infection or vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Ellebedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02458","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for consistent classification of human b cell and plasma cell populations","volume":"10","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.026","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans","volume":"185","author":"Mudd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh1823","article-title":"Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination","volume":"374","author":"Loyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci146922","article-title":"Functional characterization of CD4+ T-cell receptors cross-reactive for SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses","volume":"131","author":"Dykema","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00657-1","article-title":"The germinal centre b cell response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.087","article-title":"Antibody forming cells and plasmablasts in peripheral blood in CVID patients after vaccination","volume":"29","author":"Chovancova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100329","article-title":"Serological analysis reveals an imbalanced IgG subclass composition associated with COVID-19 disease severity","volume":"2","author":"Yates","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-331462","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)\u2013driven accumulation of a novel CD11c+ b-cell population is important for the development of autoimmunity","volume":"118","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600522","article-title":"Cutting edge: IL-4, IL-21, and IFN-\u03b3 interact to govern T-bet and CD11c expression in TLR-activated b cells","volume":"197","author":"Naradikian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.002","article-title":"Development of tbet- and CD11c-expressing b cells in a viral infection requires T follicular helper cells outside of germinal centers","volume":"55","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6950","article-title":"Distinct antibody and memory b cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 na\u00efve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04778-y","article-title":"Increased memory b cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost","volume":"607","author":"Muecksch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01133-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced atypical immune responses in antibody defects: Everybody does their best","volume":"41","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112915","article-title":"B cell response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection is boosted by the BNT162b2 vaccine in primary antibody deficiencies","volume":"10","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01244-2","article-title":"Elevated CD21low b cell frequency is a marker of poor immunity to pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"42","author":"Bergman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31615-7","article-title":"Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 omicron lineage strains","volume":"13","author":"Case","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.002","article-title":"Antigenic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariant BA.2.75","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05053-w","article-title":"Antibody evasion by SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5","volume":"608","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033770\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T07:46:51Z","timestamp":1671695211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033770\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033770","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.14.22276948","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"article-number":"1033770"}}