{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:29:21Z","timestamp":1787963361687,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features\u2014intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1039618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T14:42:23Z","timestamp":1671720143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yale","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaomin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707185","article-title":"Hepatopulmonary syndrome\u2013a liver-induced lung vascular disorder","volume":"358","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Roisin","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.711003","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx as a double-edged sword in microvascular homeostasis and pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Villalba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12661","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx: a review of the vascular barrier","volume":"69","author":"Alphonsus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151959","article-title":"The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer","volume":"9","author":"Weinbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev BioMed Eng"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12465","article-title":"The glycocalyx and its significance in human medicine","volume":"280","author":"Tarbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.09.002","article-title":"Regulation and function of endothelial glycocalyx layer in vascular diseases","volume":"100","author":"Sieve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Cell biology of pulmonary endothelium","volume":"70","author":"Ryan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68483-3_3","article-title":"The pulmonary vascular barrier: Insights into structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms","volume":"228","author":"Parthasarathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c180033","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular dynamics","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.03.003","article-title":"Ultrastructural alteration of pulmonary capillary endothelial glycocalyx during endotoxemia","volume":"154","author":"Inagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","article-title":"Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis","volume":"193","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Estimates Limitations. 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