{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:06:23Z","timestamp":1790683583184,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our review summarizes the evidence that COVID-19 can be complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells. This evidence is widespread and accumulating at an increasing rate. Research teams from around the world, studying primary and established cell cultures, animal models, and analyzing autopsy material from COVID-19 deceased patients, are seeing the same thing, namely that some immune cells are infected or capable of being infected with the virus. Human cells most vulnerable to infection include both professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, such as B-cells. Convincing evidence has accumulated to suggest that the virus can infect monocytes and macrophages, while data on infection of dendritic cells and B-cells are still scarce. Viral infection of immune cells can occur directly through cell receptors, but it can also be mediated or enhanced by antibodies through the Fc gamma receptors of phagocytic cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) most likely occurs during the primary encounter with the pathogen through the first COVID-19 infection rather than during the second encounter, which is characteristic of ADE caused by other viruses. Highly fucosylated antibodies of vaccinees seems to be incapable of causing ADE, whereas afucosylated antibodies of persons with acute primary infection or convalescents are capable. SARS-CoV-2 entry into immune cells can lead to an abortive infection followed by host cell pyroptosis, and a massive inflammatory cascade. This scenario has the most experimental evidence. Other scenarios are also possible, for which the evidence base is not yet as extensive, namely productive infection of immune cells or trans-infection of other non-immune permissive cells. The chance of a latent infection cannot be ruled out either.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T05:54:45Z","timestamp":1669874085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 infection of phagocytic immune cells and COVID-19 pathology: Antibody-dependent as well as independent cell entry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Matveeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Nechipurenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Lagutkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yegor E.","family":"Yegorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kzhyshkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.026","article-title":"Phagocytosis: An immunobiologic process","volume":"44","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-4-9","article-title":"The origins of phagocytosis and eukaryogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Yutin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200019","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2020.0019","article-title":"The origin of phagocytosis in earth history","volume":"10","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9042851","article-title":"Phagocytosis: A fundamental process in immunity","volume":"2017","author":"Rosales","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001541","article-title":"Phagocytosis-inflammation crosstalk in sepsis: New avenues for therapeutic intervention","volume":"54","author":"Hortova-Kohoutkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0392-4","article-title":"Tissue macrophages: Heterogeneity and functions","volume":"15","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01066","article-title":"Phagocytosis: Our current understanding of a universal biological process","volume":"11","author":"Uribe-Querol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E20-08-0532","article-title":"Structurally distinct endocytic pathways for b cell receptors in b lymphocytes","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.12.003","article-title":"Human b cells have an active phagocytic capability and undergo immune activation upon phagocytosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"221","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846016","article-title":"Antigen phagocytosis by b cells is required for a potent humoral response","volume":"19","author":"Martinez-Riano","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000312912","article-title":"A dilemma for viruses and giant viruses: Which endocytic pathway to use to enter cells","volume":"53","author":"Ghigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016972","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016972","article-title":"Endocytosis of viruses and bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Cossart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201108131","article-title":"The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry","volume":"195","author":"Grove","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100306","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 infects cells after viral entry Via clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"296","author":"Bayati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092821","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages as viral targets and reservoirs","volume":"19","author":"Nikitina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.06.002","article-title":"Cell entry of enveloped viruses","volume":"1","author":"Plemper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380860-8.00004-5","article-title":"Cell entry of enveloped viruses","volume":"73","author":"Cosset","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.595888","article-title":"Role of endolysosomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis: Implications for potential treatments","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of sars-Cov-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004502","article-title":"Coronavirus cell entry occurs through the endo-\/Lysosomal pathway in a proteolysis-dependent manner","volume":"10","author":"Burkard","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24285","article-title":"Little to no expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 on most human peripheral blood immune cells but highly expressed on tissue macrophages","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04802-1","article-title":"Inflammasome activation in infected macrophages drives covid-19 pathology","volume":"606","author":"Sefik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24484","article-title":"Further comments on the role of ace-2 positive macrophages in human lung","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12612","article-title":"Human monocyte subsets exhibit divergent angiotensin I-converting activity","volume":"181","author":"Rutkowska-Zapala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03148-w","article-title":"Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in sars-Cov-2 pneumonia","volume":"590","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03570-8","article-title":"Covid-19 tissue atlases reveal sars-Cov-2 pathology and cellular targets","volume":"595","author":"Delorey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00653-w","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of interaction between sars-Cov-2 and host cells and interventional therapy","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009576","article-title":"Dc\/L-sign recognition of spike glycoprotein promotes sars-Cov-2 trans-infection and can be inhibited by a glycomimetic antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Thepaut","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03925-1","article-title":"Lectins enhance sars-Cov-2 infection and influence neutralizing antibodies","volume":"598","author":"Lempp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00595-6","article-title":"Receptome profiling identifies Kremen1 and Asgr1 as alternative functional receptors of sars-Cov-2","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00603-9","article-title":"Novel sars-Cov-2 receptors: Asgr1 and Kremen1","volume":"32","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2985","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 facilitates sars-Cov-2 cell entry and infectivity","volume":"370","author":"Cantuti-Castelvetri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00460-y","article-title":"Axl is a candidate receptor for sars-Cov-2 that promotes infection of pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00426-x","article-title":"Cd147-spike protein is a novel route for sars-Cov-2 infection to host cells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152072","article-title":"Cd147-spike protein interaction in covid-19: Get the ball rolling with a novel receptor and therapeutic target","volume":"808","author":"Behl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101400","article-title":"The mers-cov receptor Dpp4 as a candidate binding target of the sars-Cov-2 spike","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12042","article-title":"Sialoadhesin - a macrophage-restricted marker of immunoregulation and inflammation","volume":"138","author":"O'Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.3.445","article-title":"Constitutive and induced expression of dc-sign on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro","volume":"71","author":"Soilleux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2569","article-title":"Signalling through c-type lectin receptors: Shaping immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/283974","article-title":"Asgr1 and Asgr2, the genes that encode the asialoglycoprotein receptor (Ashwell receptor), are expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and show interindividual differences in transcript profile","volume":"2012","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Protein-Atlas-Database"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01228","article-title":"Multifaceted role of neuropilins in the immune system: Potential targets for immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009076","article-title":"Biology of the Tam receptors","volume":"5","author":"Lemke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139576","article-title":"Macrophage axl receptor tyrosine kinase inflames the heart after reperfused myocardial infarction","volume":"131","author":"DeBerge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Protein-Atlas-Database"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131227163352","article-title":"Cd147: A novel modulator of inflammatory and immune disorders","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107503","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and their potential immune modulatory functions","volume":"209","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x","article-title":"Tlr2 senses the sars-Cov-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Protein-Atlas-Database"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091757","article-title":"Enrichment of sars-Cov-2 entry factors and interacting intracellular genes in tissue and circulating immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Devaprasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00616","article-title":"Cysteine cathepsins as regulators of the cytotoxicity of nk and T cells","volume":"5","author":"Perisic Nanut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Macrophages and the viral dissemination super highway","volume":"2","author":"Klepper","year":"2015","journal-title":"EC Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.49","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in feline alveolar macrophages and human monocyte cell line U937 by serum of cats experimentally or naturally infected with feline coronavirus","volume":"60","author":"Hohdatsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.12.020","article-title":"Mutation of Neutralizing\/Antibody-dependent enhancing epitope on spike protein and 7b gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus: Influences of viral replication in Monocytes\/Macrophages and virulence in cats","volume":"156","author":"Takano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.015","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus","volume":"100","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Sars cov subunit vaccine: Antibody-mediated neutralisation and enhancement","volume":"18","author":"Jaume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00006","article-title":"Immunodominant sars coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123158","article-title":"Anti-spike igg causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute sars-cov infection","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of sars coronavirus infection and its role in the pathogenesis of sars","volume":"22","author":"Yip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118102","article-title":"Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in covid-19: Lessons from sars and mers, and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"257","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.27.20045427","article-title":"The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) directly decimates human spleens and lymph nodes","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07134","article-title":"Pulmonary stromal expansion and intra-alveolar coagulation are primary causes of covid-19 death","volume":"7","author":"Szekely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab195","article-title":"Broad severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cell tropism and immunopathology in lung tissues from fatal coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"223","author":"Ramos da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"mjac021","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjac021","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 productively infects primary human immune system cells in vitro and in covid-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"Pontelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.24.465626","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 infects human adipose tissue and elicits an inflammatory response consistent with severe covid-19","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Col\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04702-4","article-title":"Fc\u03b3r-mediated sars-Cov-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation","volume":"606","author":"Junqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00258-1","article-title":"Distinct uptake, amplification, and release of sars-Cov-2 by M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa753","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced immune activation and death of monocyte-derived human macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"223","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab044","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages, targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: The clue for coronavirus disease 2019 immunoparalysis","volume":"224","author":"Boumaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00428-w","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 engages inflammasome and pyroptosis in human primary monocytes","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707","article-title":"Inflammasomes are activated in response to sars-Cov-2 infection and are associated with covid-19 severity in patients","volume":"218","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122483","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of sars-Cov-2 infection of human immune cells: In vitro assessment provides insight in covid-19 pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add4906","article-title":"Sensing of sars-Cov-2 by pdcs and their subsequent production of ifn-I contribute to macrophage-induced cytokine storm during covid-19","volume":"7","author":"Laurent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103720","article-title":"Ace2 can act as the secondary receptor in the fcgammar-dependent ade of sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03207-0","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement (Ade) of sars-Cov-2 pseudoviral infection requires fcgammariib and virus-antibody complex with bivalent interaction","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000296507","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages regulate immunity through dynamic networks of survival and cell death","volume":"2","author":"Parihar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-118240","article-title":"Different functions of monocyte subsets in familial hypercholesterolemia: Potential function of Cd14+ Cd16+ monocytes in detoxification of oxidized ldl","volume":"23","author":"Mosig","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7771-2-1","article-title":"Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: Circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170355","article-title":"The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation","volume":"214","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.89","article-title":"Elie metchnikoff (1845-1916): Celebrating 100 years of cellular immunology and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Underhill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.566511","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages in human breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian and prostate cancers","volume":"10","author":"Larionova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.11.010","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (Ros) in macrophage activation and function in diabetes","volume":"224","author":"Rendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746151","article-title":"Meta-inflammation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in diabetes and obesity: The importance of metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934040","article-title":"Macrophage polarization, metabolic reprogramming, and inflammatory effects in ischemic heart disease","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.06.001","article-title":"Human monocytes and macrophages undergo M1-type inflammatory polarization in response to high levels of glucose","volume":"176","author":"Torres-Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.07.006","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces mixed M1\/M2 cytokine profile in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"222","author":"Moganti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081169","article-title":"Native low-density lipoproteins act in synergy with lipopolysaccharide to alter the balance of human monocyte subsets and their ability to produce il-1 beta, Ccr2, and Cx3cr1 in vitro and in vivo: Implications in atherogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Manjarrez-Reyna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169252","article-title":"Macrophage polarization mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction induces adipose tissue inflammation in obesity","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154358","article-title":"Macrophages, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: A mutual ambiguous relationship in the development of metabolic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Puschel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.1026","article-title":"Immunometabolic bases of type 2 diabetes in the severity of covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Viurcos-Sanabria","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977907","article-title":"Editorial: Immunometabolic mechanisms underlying the severity of covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.30.510331","article-title":"M2c macrophages hijacked by sars-Cov-2 cause covid-19 severity","author":"Mitsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.720109","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages in covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Knoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.682871","article-title":"The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of sars-Cov-2-Associated acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Kosyreva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-061020-053707","article-title":"Dendritic cells revisited","volume":"39","author":"Cabeza-Cabrerizo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25060","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are short-lived: Reappraising the influence of migration, genetic factors and activation on estimation of lifespan","volume":"6","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-4166","article-title":"Chemokine up-regulation in sars-Coronavirus-Infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells","volume":"106","author":"Law","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-10-35","article-title":"Toll-like receptors, chemokine receptors and death receptor ligands responses in sars coronavirus infected human monocyte derived dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2081704","article-title":"Dendritic cells and hiv-1 trans-infection","volume":"2","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5642-5650.2004","article-title":"Ph-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through dc-sign","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501365","article-title":"Cellular dynamics of memory b cell populations: Igm+ and igg+ memory b cells persist indefinitely as quiescent cells","volume":"195","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.08.011","article-title":"Antibodies against trimeric s glycoprotein protect hamsters against sars-cov challenge despite their capacity to mediate fcgammarii-dependent entry into b cells in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Kam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091298","article-title":"Formation and maturation of the phagosome: A key mechanism in innate immunity against intracellular bacterial infection","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12439","article-title":"The life cycle of phagosomes: Formation, maturation, and resolution","volume":"273","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636078","article-title":"Better together: Current insights into phagosome-lysosome fusion","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009706","article-title":"Strategies to target sars-Cov-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Prabhakara","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209514119","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 requires acidic ph to infect cells","volume":"119","author":"Kreutzberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0317-2","article-title":"Macrophages: A Trojan horse in covid-19","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112178","article-title":"Macrophages and monocytes: \"Trojan horses\" in covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Percivalle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12287","article-title":"Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens","volume":"265","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0212-6","article-title":"Pyroptosis versus necroptosis: Similarities, differences, and crosstalk","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13079","article-title":"Canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Winsor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8873-z","article-title":"Inflammasomes and its importance in viral infections","volume":"64","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2019_189","article-title":"Pyroptosis in antiviral immunity","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.58","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling","volume":"16","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108249","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 nucleocapsid suppresses host pyroptosis by blocking gasdermin d cleavage","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005","article-title":"Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: Possible relevance to pathogenesis","volume":"79","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0145-7","article-title":"Nlrp3 inflammasome as a novel therapeutic target for alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.405","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection: Molecular mechanisms and in vivo implications","volume":"13","author":"Takada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/088282403763635465","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease","volume":"16","author":"Tirado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12367","article-title":"Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections","volume":"268","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B122","volume-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41745-021-00268-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent enhancement in covid-19: A perspective","volume":"102","author":"Ajmeriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Indian Institute Sci"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081739","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement: \u2033Evil\u2033 antibodies favorable for viral infections","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155256","article-title":"Ade and hyperinflammation in sars-Cov2 infection- comparison with dengue hemorrhagic fever and feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"136","author":"Cloutier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2021-0264","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease: Implications in covid-19","volume":"33","author":"Shukla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108699","article-title":"Enhancement versus neutralization by sars-Cov-2 antibodies from a convalescent donor associates with distinct epitopes on the rbd","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20587384211050199","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211050199","article-title":"A review: Antibody-dependent enhancement in covid-19: The not so friendly side of antibodies","volume":"35","author":"Sanchez-Zuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901217","article-title":"Evaluation of antibody-dependent fc-mediated viral entry, as compared with neutralization, in sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","article-title":"Of cascades and perfect storms: The immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome (Dhf\/Dss)","volume":"85","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00410-0","article-title":"The role of igg fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement","volume":"20","author":"Bournazos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108943","article-title":"Non-neutralizing antibodies: Deleterious or propitious during sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"110","author":"Zanella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01393","article-title":"Fc gamma receptors and their role in antigen uptake, presentation, and T cell activation","volume":"11","author":"Junker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2005.00476.x","article-title":"Influence of fcgammariia and mbl polymorphisms on severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S121233","article-title":"Fc gamma receptors: Glycobiology and therapeutic prospects","volume":"9","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3582","article-title":"The function of fcgamma receptors in dendritic cells and macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Guilliams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.12.002","article-title":"Glycans in the immune system and the altered glycan theory of autoimmunity: A critical review","volume":"57","author":"Maverakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2206","article-title":"Fc\u03b3 receptors as regulators of immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02015-19","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00342","article-title":"Antibody fucosylation lowers the Fcgammariiia\/Cd16a affinity by limiting the conformations sampled by the N162-glycan","volume":"13","author":"Falconer","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8378","article-title":"Afucosylated igg characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with covid-19 severity","volume":"371","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.08.001","article-title":"Afucosylated igg responses in humans - structural clues to the regulation of humoral immunity","volume":"43","author":"Oosterhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00828-7","article-title":"Proinflammatory igg fc structures in patients with severe covid-19","volume":"22","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf8654","article-title":"High titers and low fucosylation of early human anti-Sars-Cov-2 igg promote inflammation by alveolar macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Hoepel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm7853","article-title":"Early non-neutralizing, afucosylated antibody responses are associated with covid-19 severity","volume":"14","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.02.034","article-title":"Structural comparison of fucosylated and nonfucosylated fc fragments of human immunoglobulin G1","volume":"368","author":"Matsumiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2020.06.001","article-title":"Impact of Igg1 n-glycosylation on their interaction with fc gamma receptors","volume":"1","author":"Cambay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Res Immunol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202069200","article-title":"Lack of fucose on human Igg1 n-linked oligosaccharide improves binding to human fcgamma riii and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity","volume":"277","author":"Shields","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-527978","article-title":"A prominent lack of Igg1-fc fucosylation of platelet alloantibodies in pregnancy","volume":"123","author":"Kapur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800651j","article-title":"Regulated glycosylation patterns of igg during alloimmune responses against human platelet antigens","volume":"8","author":"Wuhrer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-12-539965","article-title":"Core fucosylation and igg function in nait","volume":"123","author":"Aster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc7303","article-title":"Antibody fucosylation predicts disease severity in secondary dengue infection","volume":"372","author":"Bournazos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107642","article-title":"Maternal anti-dengue igg fucosylation predicts susceptibility to dengue disease in infants","volume":"31","author":"Thulin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26118-w","article-title":"Afucosylated plasmodium falciparum-specific igg is induced by infection but not by subunit vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.14.480353","article-title":"The Bnt162b2 mrna sars-Cov-2 vaccine induces transient afucosylated Igg1 in naive but not antigen-experienced vaccinees","author":"Van Coillie","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01553-21","article-title":"Multiple routes of antibody-dependent enhancement of sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Okuya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.090","article-title":"Antibody-dependent sars coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123851","article-title":"Structural dynamics of the sars-Cov-2 spike protein: A 2-year retrospective analysis of sars-Cov-2 variants (from alpha to omicron) reveals an early divergence between conserved and variable epitopes","volume":"27","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.015","article-title":"Covid-19-Neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival","volume":"184","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409065102","article-title":"Evasion of antibody neutralization in emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses","volume":"102","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12026","article-title":"Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by mhc class I and ii","volume":"14","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006350920040119","article-title":"Change of antigenic determinants of sars-Cov-2 virus s-protein as a possible cause of antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and cytokine storm","volume":"65","author":"Nechipurenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophysics (Oxf)"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10090852","article-title":"The role of acidosis in the pathogenesis of severe forms of covid-19","volume":"10","author":"Nechipurenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.637885","article-title":"Acid ph increases sars-Cov-2 infection and the risk of death by covid-19","volume":"8","author":"Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B165","article-title":"Conditions favoring increased covid-19 morbidity and mortality: Their common denominator and its early treatment","volume":"118","author":"Shevel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mo Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050478\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T05:55:10Z","timestamp":1669874110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050478\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":165,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"article-number":"1050478"}}