{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T04:17:25Z","timestamp":1793593045042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVCs) represent major healthcare problems all over the world. Antibiotics and antifungals are widely used for such infectious diseases, which is linked with microbial resistances and microbiota deleterious effects. The development of novel approaches for genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) such as trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) is therefore highly required. MV140 is a sublingual whole-cell heat-inactivated polybacterial preparation with demonstrated clinical efficacy for RUTIs. The sublingual heat-inactivated <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> vaccine V132 has been developed for RVVCs. We previously showed that the combination of MV140 and V132 promotes potent Th1\/Th17 and regulatory T-cell responses against antigens contained in the formulation and unrelated antigens. The specific contribution of each preparation to such effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PBMC and monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> stimulated with V132, MV140 or MV140\/V132. After 6 days of resting, cells were reestimulated with LPS and MV140. Analysis of cytokine production by ELISA, Seahorse assays for functional metabolic experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed. BALB\/c mice were intraperitoneally and sublingually immunized with V132.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We uncover that V132 induces trained immunity in human PBMCs and purified monocytes, significantly increasing the responses triggered by subsequent stimulation with MV140. Mechanistically, V132 drives metabolic rewiring towards increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and induces epigenetic reprogramming that enhances the transcription of the pro-inflammatory genes <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>. Splenocytes and peritoneal cells from V132-immunize mice show increased responses upon <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> stimulation with MV140. Remarkably, splenocytes from sublingually V132-immunized and MV140 <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> treatment mice show stronger Th17 responses than mice exposed to excipients upon <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> stimulation with MV140.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we provide novel mechanistic insights into how V132-induced trained immunity enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses triggered by MV140, which might open the door for new interventions for GUTIs with important clinical implications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1066383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T04:34:50Z","timestamp":1669264490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Candida albicans V132 induces trained immunity and enhances the responses triggered by the polybacterial vaccine MV140 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