{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1788361970632,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020KW-054, 2022SF-586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KW-054, 2022SF-586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xzy012022095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xzy012022095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic rewiring satisfies increased nutritional demands and modulates many oncogenic processes in tumors. Amino acid metabolism is abnormal in many malignancies. Metabolic reprogramming of amino acids not only plays a crucial role in sustaining tumor cell proliferation but also influences the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, the aim of our study was to elucidate the metabolic signature of amino acids in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcriptome profiles of HCC were obtained from the TCGA and ICGC databases. Based on the expression of amino acid metabolism-related genes (AAMRGs), we clustered the HCC samples into two molecular subtypes using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. Then, we constructed the amino acid metabolism-related gene signature (AAMRGS) by Cox regression and LASSO regression. Afterward, the clinical significance of the AAMRGS was evaluated. Additionally, we comprehensively analyzed the differences in mutational profiles, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and drug sensitivity between different risk subgroups. Furthermore, we examined three key gene expressions in liver cancer cells by quantitative real-time PCR and conducted the CCK8 assay to evaluate the influence of two chemotherapy drugs on different liver cancer cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 81 differentially expressed AAMRGs were screened between the two molecular subtypes, and these AAMRGs were involved in regulating amino acid metabolism. The AAMRGS containing GLS, IYD, and NQO1 had a high value for prognosis prediction in HCC patients. Besides this, the two AAMRGS subgroups had different genetic mutation probabilities. More importantly, the immunosuppressive cells were more enriched in the AAMRGS-high group. The expression level of inhibitory immune checkpoints was also higher in patients with high AAMRGS scores. Additionally, the two AAMRGS subgroups showed different susceptibility to chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs. In vitro experiments showed that gemcitabine significantly reduced the proliferative capacity of SNU449 cells, and rapamycin remarkedly inhibited Huh7 proliferation. The five HCC cells displayed different mRNA expression levels of GLS, IYD, and NQO1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study explored the features of amino acid metabolism in HCC and identified the novel AAMRGS to predict the prognosis, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity of HCC patients. These findings might help to guide personalized treatment and improve the clinical outcomes of HCC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1066773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T04:53:20Z","timestamp":1670907200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of the amino acid metabolism-related gene signature for prognosis, tumor immune microenvironment, and candidate drugs in hepatocellular 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