{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:41:36Z","timestamp":1783953696310,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072307, 81772224, 81971969, 82272369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072307, 81772224, 81971969, 82272369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydatid cysts and angiogenesis are the key characteristics of cystic echinococcosis, with immune cells and endothelial cells mediating essential roles in disease progression. Recent single-cell analysis studies demonstrated immune cell infiltration after <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> infection, highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of targeting certain cell types in the lesion microenvironment. However, more detailed immune mechanisms during different periods of <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic> infection were not elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, we characterized immune and endothelial cells from the liver samples of mice in different stages by single-cell RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We profiled the transcriptomes of 45,199 cells from the liver samples of mice at 1, 3, and 6 months after infection (two replicates) and uninfected wild-type mice. The cells were categorized into 26 clusters with four distinct cell types: natural killer (NK)\/T cells, B cells, myeloid cells, and endothelial cells. An SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophage subset with immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic functions was identified in the late infection stage. Single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) analysis suggested that Cebpe, Runx3, and Rora were the key regulators of the SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages. Cell communication analysis revealed that the SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages interacted with endothelial cells and had pro-angiogenic functions. There was an obvious communicative relationship between SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages and endothelial cells <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Vegfa\u2013Vegfr1\/Vegfr2, and SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages interacted with other immune cells <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> specific ligand\u2013receptor pairs, which might have contributed to their immunosuppressive function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our comprehensive exploration of the cystic echinococcosis ecosystem and the first discovery of SPP1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages with infection period specificity provide deeper insights into angiogenesis and the immune evasion mechanisms associated with later stages of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1067338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T06:36:40Z","timestamp":1670481400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The single-cell landscape of cystic echinococcosis in different stages provided insights into endothelial and immune cell 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