{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:05:54Z","timestamp":1790474754688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> is the most common nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species causing infectious disease. Here, we characterized a <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> infection model in zebrafish larvae, and compared it to <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic> infection, a model of tuberculosis. <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> bacteria are efficiently phagocytosed and frequently induce granuloma-like structures in zebrafish larvae. Although macrophages can respond to both mycobacterial infections, their migration speed is faster in infections caused by <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>. Tlr2 is conservatively involved in most aspects of the defense against both mycobacterial infections. However, Tlr2 has a function in the migration speed of macrophages and neutrophils to infection sites with <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic> that is not observed with <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>. Using RNAseq analysis, we found a distinct transcriptome response in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction for <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic> infection. In addition, we found differences in gene expression in metabolic pathways, phagosome formation, matrix remodeling, and apoptosis in response to these mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, we characterized a new <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> infection model in zebrafish that can be further used in studying pathological mechanisms for NTM-caused diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1075473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T07:33:55Z","timestamp":1674027235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Specificity of the innate immune responses to different classes of non-tuberculous mycobacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wanbin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn E. V.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda E. 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