{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:01:03Z","timestamp":1782982863105,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tetraspanin proteins are closely related to the functional changes of B cells, including antigen presentation, production of cytokines, and transduction. We aim to explore the potential role of Tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) in the biological activities of B cells in AIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, this study found that numbers of cells expressing TSPAN1 were significantly increased in AIH patients compared to PBC, chronic hepatitis B, and healthy control (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between numbers of TSPAN1+ cells and AIH disease severity (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Immunofluorescence staining further confirmed that TSPAN1 was primarily expressed on CD19+ B cells. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that TSPAN1+ B cells secreted more inflammatory cytokines and expressed higher level of CD86 than TSPAN1- B cells. Furthermore, compared with TSAPN1- cells, the expression of CXCR3 on TSPAN1+ cells was also higher. Meanwhile, CXCL10, the ligand of CXCR3, was significantly elevated in the liver of AIH (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and had positive correlation with the quantities of TSPAN1 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Interestingly, the numbers of TSPAN1+ B cells were decreased in AIH patients after immunosuppressive therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>TSPAN1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells in the liver may promote the progression of AIH <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> secreting cytokines and presenting antigens. The chemotactic movement of TSPAN1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells toward the liver of AIH was possibly due to CXCR3 - CXCL10 interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1076594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T04:37:26Z","timestamp":1671079046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The immunological characteristics of TSPAN1 expressing B cells in autoimmune 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