{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:07:09Z","timestamp":1780085229973,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have shown that fetal immune cell activation may result from potential exposure to microbes, although the presence of microbes in fetus has been a controversial topic. Here, we combined metagenomic and virome techniques to investigate the presence of bacteria and viruses in fetal tissues (small intestine, cecum, and rectum). We found that the fetal gut is not a sterile environment and has a low abundance but metabolically rich microbiome. Specifically, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria phyla of fetal gut. In total, 700 species viruses were detected, and <jats:italic>Human betaherpesvirus 5<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant eukaryotic viruses. Especially, we first identified <jats:italic>Methanobrevibacter smithii<\/jats:italic> in fetal gut. Through the comparison with adults\u2019 gut microbiota we found that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes gradually became the main force of gut microbiota during the process of growth and development. Interestingly, 6 antibiotic resistance genes were shared by the fetus and adults. Our results indicate the presence of microbes in the fetal gut and demonstrate the diversity of bacteria, archaea and viruses, which provide support for the studies related to early fetal immunity. This study further explores the specific composition of viruses in the fetal gut and the similarities between fetal and adults\u2019 gut microbiota, which is valuable for understanding human fetal immunity development during gestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1079294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T18:05:54Z","timestamp":1672941954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Virome and metagenomic analysis reveal the distinct distribution of microbiota in human fetal gut during 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