{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:49:01Z","timestamp":1760647741404,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is the causal agent of melioidosis, a deadly tropical infectious disease that lacks a vaccine. On the basis of the attenuated <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> RN4220-\u0394<jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic> (RN), we engineered the RN4220-\u0394<jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>pdhB-hcp1<\/jats:italic> strain (RN-Hcp1) to generate <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> hemolysin-coregulated protein 1 (Hcp1)-loaded membrane vesicles (<jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs). The immunization of BALB\/c mice with <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs mixed with adjuvant by a three-dose regimen increased the serum specific IgG production. The serum levels of inflammatory factors, including TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, in <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MV-vaccinated mice were comparable with those in PBS-challenged mice. The partial adjuvant effect of staphylococcal MVs was observed with the elevation of specific antibody titer in <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MV-vaccinated mice relative to those that received the recombinant Hcp1 protein (rHcp1) or MVs derived from RN strain (<jats:sup>\u0394agr<\/jats:sup>MVs). The <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs\/adjuvant vaccine protected 70% of mice from lethal <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> challenge. Immunization with <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs only protected 60% of mice, whereas vaccination with rHcp1 or <jats:sup>\u0394agr<\/jats:sup>MVs conferred no protection. Moreover, mice that received <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs\/adjuvant and <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs immunization had low serum TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels and no inflammatory infiltration in comparison with other groups. In addition, all surviving mice in <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs\/adjuvant and <jats:sup>hcp1<\/jats:sup>MVs groups exhibited no culturable bacteria in their lungs, livers, and spleens five days postinfection. Overall, our data highlighted a new strategy for developing <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> vaccine and showed that Hcp1-incorporated staphylococcal MV is a promising candidate for the prevention of acute melioidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1089225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1671779296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hcp1-loaded staphylococcal membrane vesicle vaccine protects against acute 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