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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) is a retrovirus that infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. Many diseases are caused by this virus, including HTLV-1\u2013associated myelopathy, adult T-cell leukemia, and HTLV-1 uveitis. Intraocular anti\u2013vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody injection has been widely used in ophthalmology, and it is reportedly effective against age-related macular degeneration, complications of diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions. HTLV-1 mimics VEGF<jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub>, the predominant isoform of VEGF, to recruit neuropilin-1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. VEGF<jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub> is also a selective competitor of HTLV-1 entry. Here, we investigated the effects of an anti-VEGF antibody on ocular status under conditions of HTLV-1 infection <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used MT2 and TL-Om1 cells as HTLV-1\u2013infected cells and Jurkat cells as controls. Primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells (HRPEpiCs) and ARPE19 HRPEpiCs were used as ocular cells; MT2\/TL-Om1\/Jurkat cells and HRPEpiCs\/ARPE19 cells were co-cultured to simulate the intraocular environment of HTLV-1\u2013infected patients. Aflibercept was administered as an anti-VEGF antibody. To avoid possible T-cell adhesion, we lethally irradiated MT2\/TL-Om1\/Jurkat cells prior to the experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-VEGF antibody treatment had no effect on activated NF-\u03baB production, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), or cell counts in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) under MT2 co-culture conditions. Under TL-Om1 co-culture conditions, anti-VEGF antibody treatment did not affect the production of activated NF-\u03baB, chemokines, PVL, or cell counts, but production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was increased. In addition, anti-VEGF treatment did not affect PVL in HTLV-1\u2013infected T cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This preliminary <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assessment indicates that intraocular anti-VEGF antibody treatment for HTLV-1 infection does not exacerbate HTLV-1\u2013related inflammation and thus may be safe for use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1089286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T10:28:04Z","timestamp":1674642484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Safety of intraocular anti-VEGF antibody treatment under in vitro HTLV-1 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