{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:16:32Z","timestamp":1787026592380,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objective of this study is to construct a multi-epitope vaccine GILE containing B-cell and T-cell epitopes against\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus Multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection based on the dominant epitopes of\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      EMY162, LAP, and GLUT1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The structure and hydrophobicity of GILE were predicted by SWISSMODEL, pyMOL, SOPMA and VMD, and its sequence was optimized by Optimum\u2122 Codon. The GILE gene was inserted into pCzn1 and transformed into\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      Arctic express competent cells. IPTG was added to induce the expression of recombinant proteins. High-purity GILE recombinant protein was obtained by Ni-NTA Resin. BALB\/c mice were immunized with GILE mixed with Freund\u2019s adjuvant, and the antibody levels and dynamic changes in the serum were detected by ELISA. Lymphocyte proliferation was detected by MTS. The levels of IFN-g and IL-4 were detected by ELISpot and flow cytometry (FCM). T cells were detected by FCM. The growth of hepatic cysts was evaluated by Ultrasound and their weights were measured to evaluate the immune protective effect of GILE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SWISS-MODEL analysis showed that the optimal model was EMY162\n                      <jats:sub>95-104<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2015LAP\n                      <jats:sub>464-479<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2015LAP\n                      <jats:sub>495-510<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2015LAP\n                      <jats:sub>396-410<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2015LAP\n                      <jats:sub>504-518<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2015EMY162\n                      <jats:sub>112-126<\/jats:sub>\n                      . The SOPMA results showed that there were Alpha helix (14.88%), Extended strand (26.25%), Beta turn (3.73%) and Random coil (45.82%) in the secondary structure of GILE. The restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing results suggested that the plasmid pCzn1-GILE was successfully constructed. The SDSPAGE results indicated that the recombinant protein was 44.68 KD. The ELISA results indicated that mice immunized with GILE showed higher levels of serum antibodies compared to the PBS group. The FCM and ELISpot results indicated that mice immunized with GILE secreted more IFN-g and IL-4. Immunization with GILE also led to a significant decrease in the maximum diameter and weight of cysts and stimulated the production of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T Cell.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A multi-epitope vaccine GILE with good immunogenicity and antigenicity has been successfully constructed in this study, which may provide important theoretical and experimental bases for the prevention and treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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