{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1792839860570,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873786, 81601020,  31671468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873786, 81601020,  31671468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2016HP04, ZR2019MH062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2016HP04, ZR2019MH062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M691227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M691227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are attack-relapsing autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, which are characterized by the presence of serological aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody. However, this disorder is uncommon in children, and AQP4 antibody was often found to be seronegative. However, some pediatric patients diagnosed with NMOSDs were tested to be positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody. The previous investigations of pediatric NMOSDs were usually focused on the clinical presentation, treatment responses, and long-term prognoses, but little is known about the risk factors predicting NMOSD relapse attacks in a shorter time, especially, for Chinese children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively identified 64 Chinese pediatric patients, including 39 positive for AQP4 antibody, 12 positive for MOG antibody, and the rest negative for AQP4 and MOG antibodies. Independent risk factors predicting relapse in 1-year follow-up were extracted by multivariate regression analysis to establish a risk score model, its performance evaluation was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the independent risk factors related to relapse manifestation were also explored through multivariate logistic analysis. A nomogram was generated to assess relapse attacks in 1-year follow-up. Thirty-five patients from 3 other centers formed an external cohort to validate this nomogram.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four independent relapsed factors included discharge Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (p = 0.017), mixed-lesion onset (p = 0.010), counts (\u22671) of concomitant autoantibodies (p = 0.015), and maintenance therapy (tapering steroid with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), p = 0.009; tapering steroid with acetazolamide (AZA), p = 0.045; and tapering steroid only, p = 0.025). The risk score modeled with these four factors was correlated with the likelihood of relapse in the primary cohort (AUC of 0.912) and the validation cohort (AUC of 0.846). Also, our nomogram exhibited accurate relapse estimate in the primary cohort, the validation cohort, and the whole cohort, but also in the cohorts with positive\/negative AQP4 antibody, and noticeably, it performed predictive risk improvement better than other factors in the concordance index (C-index), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk score and nomogram could facilitate accurate prognosis of relapse risk in 1-year follow-up for pediatric NMOSDs and help clinicians provide personalized treatment to decrease the chance of relapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.765839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T04:37:17Z","timestamp":1645159037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk Factors and Nomogram for Predicting Relapse Risk in Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shanchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A Serum Autoantibody Marker of Neuromyelitis Optica: Distinction From Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.03.001","article-title":"Optic Neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"36","author":"Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002283","article-title":"Clinical Features of Neuromyelitis Optica in Children: US Network of Pediatric MS Centers Report","volume":"86","author":"Chitnis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004117","article-title":"Diagnostic Algorithm for Relapsing Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes in Children","volume":"89","author":"Hacohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.036","article-title":"Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Brazilian Patients: Clinical Features, Treatment Response and Comparison to Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Fragomeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.038","article-title":"Clinical Course, Treatment Responses and Outcomes in Chinese Paediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003318","article-title":"A Nationwide Survey of Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes in Japan","volume":"87","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.006","article-title":"E.U. 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