{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:47:19Z","timestamp":1789238839577,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>) is a commensal microorganism that colonizes the mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals. Changes in the host or environment can lead to overgrowth of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> and infection of the host. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by almost all cell types and play an increasingly recognized role in fighting microbial infection. The aim of the present study was to assess whether EVs derived from human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells can suppress the growth and invasion of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> efficacy of Leuk-1-EVs against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> was assessed by optical microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The germ tube formation rate, the percentage of\u00a0hyphae and the microcolony optical density were also used to analyze the growth of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> in a coculture model with Leuk-1 cells and EVs or after inhibition of the secretion of EVs. A mouse model of oral candidiasis was established and submucosal injection of Leuk-1-EVs in the tongue was performed. Macroscopic observation, H&amp;amp;E staining, PAS staining, and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess antifungal effects of Leuk-1-EVs <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> results showed that the growth of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> was inhibited and that the morphology and ultrastructure were changed following Leuk-1-EVs treatment. The <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> results exhibited that white lesions of the tongue, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> infection, and oral\u00a0mucosal inflammation of the infected mice were significantly alleviated after Leuk-1-EVs treatment. We thus reveal an antifungal capability of EVs derived from oral epithelial cells against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> that is mediated by direct damage effects and potential synergy between EVs and human oral mucosal epithelial cells. This finding offers an intriguing, previously overlooked method of antifungal defense against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.777613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T04:31:47Z","timestamp":1656649907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antimicrobial Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Human Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells on Candida 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