{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:38:31Z","timestamp":1790743111367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) allows viability assessment and potential resuscitation of donor livers prior to transplantation. The immunological effect of NMP on liver allografts is undetermined, with potential implications on allograft function, rejection outcomes and overall survival. In this study we define the changes in immune profile of human livers during NMP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six human livers were placed on a NMP device. Tissue and perfusate samples were obtained during cold storage prior to perfusion and at 1, 3, and 6 hours of perfusion. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and bead-based immunoassays were used to measure leukocyte composition and cytokines in the perfusate and within the liver tissue. Mean values between baseline and time points were compared by Student\u2019s t-test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within circulating perfusate, significantly increased frequencies of CD4 T cells, B cells and eosinophils were detectable by 1 hour of NMP and continued to increase at 6 hours of perfusion. On the other hand, NK cell frequency significantly decreased by 1 hour of NMP and remained decreased for the duration of perfusion. Within the liver tissue there was significantly increased B cell frequency but decreased neutrophils detectable at 6 hours of NMP. A transient decrease in intermediate monocyte frequency was detectable in liver tissue during the middle of the perfusion run. Overall, no significant differences were detectable in tissue resident T regulatory cells during NMP. Significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were seen following initiation of NMP that continued to rise throughout duration of perfusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time-dependent dynamic changes are seen in individual leukocyte cell-types within both perfusate and tissue compartments of donor livers during NMP. This suggests a potential role of NMP in altering the immunogenicity of donor livers prior to transplant. These data also provide insights for future work to recondition the intrinsic immune profile of donor livers during NMP prior to transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.788935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T06:40:34Z","timestamp":1654152034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Effect of Normothermic Machine Perfusion on the Immune Profile of Donor Liver"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andy Chao 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