{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:37:53Z","timestamp":1792424273122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Membranous Nephropathy (PMN) is the most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. If untreated, PMN can lead to end-stage renal disease; moreover, affected patients are at increased risk of complications typical of nephrotic syndrome such as fluid overload, deep vein thrombosis and infection. The association of PMN with <jats:italic>HLA-DQA1<\/jats:italic> and the identification in around 70% of cases of circulating autoantibodies, mainly directed towards the phospholipase A2 receptor, supports the autoimmune nature of the disease. In patients not achieving spontaneous remission or in the ones with deteriorating kidney function and severe nephrotic syndrome, immunosuppression is required to increase the chances of achieving remission. The aim of this review is to discuss the evidence base for the different immunosuppressive regimens used for PMN in studies published so far; the manuscript also includes a section where the authors propose, based upon current evidence, their recommendations regarding immunosuppression in the disease, while highlighting the still significant knowledge gaps and uncertainties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T05:40:42Z","timestamp":1646113242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Therapies for Membranous Nephropathy: A Tale From the Old and New Millennia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Scolari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Alberici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Mescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Delbarba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernando","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Praga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ponticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012895","article-title":"Antenatal Membranous Glomerulonephritis Due to Anti\u2013Neutral Endopeptidase Antibodies","volume":"346","author":"Debiec","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810457","article-title":"M-Type Phospholipase a 2 Receptor as Target Antigen in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"361","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409354","article-title":"Thrombospondin Type-1 Domain-Containing 7A in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"371","author":"Tomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.030","article-title":"Semaphorin 3B\u2013Associated Membranous Nephropathy Is a Distinct Type of Disease Predominantly Present in Pediatric Patients","volume":"98","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071082","article-title":"New \u2018Antigens\u2019 in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Sethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101395","article-title":"Serine Protease HTRA1 as a Novel Target Antigen in Primary Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Al-Rabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009742","article-title":"Risk HLA-DQA1 and PLA 2 R1 Alleles in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"364","author":"Stanescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000459","article-title":"Unmet Challenges in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Salant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90486-8","article-title":"Long-Term Prognosis of Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulonephritis","volume":"66","author":"Noel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"The Natural History of Renal Function in Untreated Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulonephritis in Adults","volume":"22","author":"Davison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199307083290203","article-title":"Prognosis of Untreated Patients With Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"329","author":"Schieppati","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005010028","article-title":"Management of Membranous Nephropathy: When and What for Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Cattran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01330209","article-title":"The Natural History of the Non-Nephrotic Membranous Nephropathy Patient","volume":"4","author":"Hladunewich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009080861","article-title":"Spontaneous Remission of Nephrotic Syndrome in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Polanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.453","article-title":"A 10-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Study With Methylprednisolone and Chlorambucil in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"48","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90568-5","article-title":"A Review of Therapeutic Studies of Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulopathy","volume":"25","author":"Hogan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.08.020","article-title":"Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Outline and Rationale of a Treatment Strategy","volume":"46","author":"du Buf-Vereijken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1974.129","article-title":"Controlled Trial of Cyclophosphamide in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Donadio","year":"1974","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197912133012401","article-title":"A Controlled Study of Short-Term Prednisone Treatment in Adults With Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"301","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901263200403","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prednisone in Patients With Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"320","author":"Cattran","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068422","article-title":"The Medical Research Council Trial of Short-Term High-Dose Alternate Day Prednisolone in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy With Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. The MRC Glomerulonephritis Working Party","volume":"74","author":"Cameron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404123101503","article-title":"Controlled Trial of Methylprednisolone and Chlorambucil in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"310","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901053200102","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Methylprednisolone and Chlorambucil in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"320","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020166","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Steroids and Cyclophosphamide in Adults With Nephrotic Syndrome Caused by Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208273270904","article-title":"Methylprednisolone Plus Chlorambucil as Compared With Methylprednisolone Alone for the Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. The Italian Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Treatment Study Group","volume":"327","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V93444","article-title":"A Randomized Study Comparing Methylprednisolone Plus Chlorambucil Versus Methylprednisolone Plus Cyclophosphamide in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.5.359","article-title":"Oral Cyclophosphamide Versus Chlorambucil in the Treatment of Patients With Membranous Nephropathy and Renal Insufficiency","volume":"91","author":"Branten","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM Mon J Assoc Phys"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.10.016","article-title":"A Randomized Pilot Trial Comparing Methylprednisolone Plus a Cytotoxic Agent Versus Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"47","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61566-9","article-title":"Immunosuppression for Progressive Membranous Nephropathy: A UK Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"381","author":"Howman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.02.004","article-title":"Two-Year Follow-Up Study of Membranous Nephropathy Treated With Tacrolimus and Corticosteroids Versus Cyclical Corticosteroids and Cyclophosphamide","volume":"2","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.161","article-title":"A Controlled Trial of Cyclosporine in Patients With Progressive Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"47","author":"Cattran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002215","article-title":"Grupo Espa\u00f1ol De Estudio De La Nefropat\u00eda Membranosa. Tacrolimus Monotherapy in Membranous Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"71","author":"Praga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041484.x","article-title":"Cyclosporine in Patients With Steroid-Resistant Membranous Nephropathy: A Randomized Trial","volume":"59","author":"Cattran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181ca3a7d","article-title":"Tacrolimus Combined With Corticosteroids in Treatment of Nephrotic Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"339","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2017.1325371","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Monotherapy in Adult-Onset Nephrotic Syndrome Caused by Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"39","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6211","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Long-Course Tacrolimus Treatment for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"16","author":"Di","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00822.x","article-title":"Prospective Controlled Study on Mycophenolate Mofetil and Prednisolone in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy With Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Carlton Vic"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.04.013","article-title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil Monotherapy in Membranous Nephropathy: A 1-Year Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"52","author":"Dussol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm538","article-title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil or Standard Therapy for Membranous Nephropathy and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"23","author":"Senthil Nayagam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1539-z","article-title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil and Tacrolimus Versus Tacrolimus Alone for the Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulonephritis: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Nikolopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040449","article-title":"Rituximab for Severe Membranous Nephropathy: A 6-Month Trial With Extended Follow-Up","volume":"28","author":"Dahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814427","article-title":"Rituximab or Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"381","author":"Fervenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.014","article-title":"The STARMEN Trial Indicates That Alternating Treatment With Corticosteroids and Cyclophosphamide Is Superior to Sequential Treatment With Tacrolimus and Rituximab in Primary Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"99","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071091","article-title":"Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy: The RI-CYCLO Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Scolari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197609302951401","article-title":"Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"295","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90350-3","article-title":"Therapy of the Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome With Alternate Day Steroids","volume":"62","author":"Bolton","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"697","article-title":"The Clinical Course of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"48","author":"Erwin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Membranous Nephropathy. Long-Term Follow-Up and Association With Neoplasia","volume":"44","author":"Row","year":"1975","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"46","author":"Pierides","year":"1977","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B50","article-title":"Treatment With Chlorambucil and Azathioprine in Primary Glomerulonephritis. Results of a \u201cControlled\u201d Study","volume":"81","author":"Lagrue","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Urol Nephrol (Paris)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V581553","article-title":"Are Cytotoxic Agents Beneficial in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy? A Meta-Analysis of the Controlled Trials","volume":"5","author":"Imperiale","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.53321","article-title":"Ponticelli Regimen in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200969100-00002","article-title":"Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Management Strategies","volume":"69","author":"Quaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92470-1","article-title":"Prednisolone and Chlorambucil Treatment in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy With Deteriorating Renal Function","volume":"2","author":"Mathieson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70204-4","article-title":"Long-Term Benefits of Therapy With Cyclophosphamide and Prednisone in Patients With Membranous Glomerulonephritis and Impaired Renal Function","volume":"19","author":"Jindal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh036","article-title":"Cytotoxic Therapy for Membranous Nephropathy and Renal Insufficiency: Improved Renal Survival But High Relapse Rate","volume":"19","author":"du Buf-Vereijken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00180040","article-title":"Low-Dose Prednisolone\/Chlorambucil Therapy in Patients With Severe Membranous Glomerulonephritis","volume":"72","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Investig"},{"key":"B58","article-title":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Inter"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh110","article-title":"ACTH-Induced Improvement in the Nephrotic Syndrome in Patients With a Variety of Diagnoses","volume":"19","author":"Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142033","article-title":"Synthetic ACTH in High Risk Patients With Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Prospective, Open Label Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"van de Logt","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000339287","article-title":"Treatment of Resistant Glomerular Diseases With Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Gel: A Prospective Trial","volume":"36","author":"Bomback","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu069","article-title":"A Pilot Study to Determine the Dose and Effectiveness of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (H.P. Acthar\u00ae Gel) in Nephrotic Syndrome Due to Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"29","author":"Hladunewich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00231.2015","article-title":"Melanocortin 1 Receptor Agonist Protects Podocytes Through Catalase and Rhoa Activation","volume":"310","author":"Elvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27589","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27589","article-title":"MC1R Is Dispensable for the Proteinuria Reducing and Glomerular Protective Effect of Melanocortin Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.04.015","article-title":"Molecular and Functional Analysis of Human \u03b2-Defensin 3 Action at Melanocortin Receptors","volume":"20","author":"Nix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000167436","article-title":"Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Unresponsive to Methylprednisolone and Chlorambucil With Cyclosporin","volume":"7","author":"DeSanto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70259-7","article-title":"Short-Term Responsiveness of Membranous Glomerulopathy to Cyclosporine","volume":"20","author":"Guasch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000187219","article-title":"Long-Term Cyclosporin a Therapy for Severe Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"63","author":"Rostoker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0820641","article-title":"Effects of Cyclosporin a on Glomerular Barrier Function in the Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Zietse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Sci Lond Engl 1979"},{"key":"B70","article-title":"Antiproteinuric and Immunological Effects of Cyclosporin a in the Treatment of Glomerular Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Meyrier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-0967-5","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Tacrolimus Combined With Tripterygium Wilfordii Polyglycoside for Treating Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"182","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu306","article-title":"Predictors of Response and Relapse in Patients With Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Treated With Tacrolimus","volume":"30","author":"Caro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0427-z","article-title":"Evaluating Tacrolimus Treatment in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy in a Cohort of 408 Patients","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.05.015","article-title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Clinical Trial With Comparison to a Historic Control Group Treated With Cyclophosphamide","volume":"50","author":"Branten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11042-7","article-title":"Rituximab for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"360","author":"Remuzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05080610","article-title":"Rituximab Therapy in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A 2-Year Study","volume":"5","author":"Fervenza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111125","article-title":"Rituximab-Induced Depletion of Anti-PLA2R Autoantibodies Predicts Response in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000333068","article-title":"Rituximab Treatment for Membranous Nephropathy: A French Clinical and Serological Retrospective Study of 28 Patients","volume":"1","author":"Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron Extra"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070640","article-title":"Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibody Titer Predicts Post-Rituximab Outcome of Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020181","article-title":"Rituximab in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol JASN"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12545","article-title":"A New Rescue Regimen With Plasma Exchange and Rituximab in High-Risk Membranous Glomerulonephritis","volume":"45","author":"M\u00fcller-Deile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0459-z","article-title":"Combination Therapy With Rituximab, Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide, and Prednisone for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Series","volume":"18","author":"Cortazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019804","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i8.736","article-title":"Rituximab Therapy for Primary Glomerulonephritis: Report on Two Cases","volume":"3","author":"Fabrizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw101","article-title":"Infectious Complications of a Rituximab-Based Immunosuppressive Regimen in Patients With Glomerular Disease","volume":"10","author":"Trivin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.11.009","article-title":"Rituximab-Associated Hypogammaglobulinemia: Incidence, Predictors and Outcomes in Patients With Multi-System Autoimmune Disease","volume":"57","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102466","article-title":"Post-Rituximab Immunoglobulin M (Igm) Hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"19","author":"Kridin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2010.01.009","article-title":"Rituximab-Associated Neutropenia","volume":"47","author":"Dunleavy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e3283414edf","article-title":"Neutropenia Associated With Rituximab Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233569","article-title":"Rituximab-Induced Late-Onset Neutropenia","volume":"12","author":"Sahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw251","article-title":"Low-Dose Rituximab is Poorly Effective in Patients With Primary Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Moroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx105","article-title":"Low-Dose Rituximab Therapy in Resistant Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Single-Center Experience","volume":"11","author":"Bagchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11791018","article-title":"High-Dose Rituximab and Early Remission in PLA2R1-Related Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Seitz-Polski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00781-6","article-title":"Efficacy of Low or Standard Rituximab-Based Protocols and Comparison to Ponticelli\u2019s Regimen in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Fenoglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nephrol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.04.014","article-title":"Combination of Rituximab, Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide, and Prednisone for Primary Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Series With Extended Follow Up","volume":"78","author":"Zonozi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz127","article-title":"Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy in Adults: KDIGO 2012, Cyclophosphamide and Cyclosporine a are Out, Rituximab is the New Normal","volume":"12","author":"Rojas-Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040607","article-title":"Advances in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"10","author":"Ronco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06041108","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Membranous Glomerulonephritis With Rituximab in Calcineurin Inhibitor-Dependent Patients","volume":"4","author":"Segarra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.015","article-title":"Executive Summary of the KDIGO 2021 Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases","volume":"100","author":"Rovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000518609","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Therapy in Primary Membranous Nephropathy With Compromised Renal Function","volume":"3","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.12.019","article-title":"Immunological Remission in PLA2R-Antibody\u2013Associated Membranous Nephropathy: Cyclophosphamide Versus Rituximab","volume":"93","author":"van de Logt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738788","article-title":"Rituximab Immunomonitoring Predicts Remission in Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Teisseyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz041","article-title":"Rituximab Bioavailability in Primary Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Boyer-Suavet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.022","article-title":"Analysis and Management of Rituximab Resistance in PLA2R1-Associated Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Teisseyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03069","article-title":"Neutralizing Anti-Rituximab Antibodies and Relapse in Membranous Nephropathy Treated With Rituximab","volume":"10","author":"Boyer-Suavet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.030","article-title":"Obinutuzumab Is Effective for the Treatment of Refractory Membranous Nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12569","article-title":"Tacrolimus Combined With Corticosteroids Versus Modified Ponticelli Regimen in Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Randomized Control Trial","volume":"21","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Carlton Vic"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789713\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1646113247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789713\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.789713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"article-number":"789713"}}