{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:53Z","timestamp":1791920993533,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumonic plague, caused by <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, is an infectious disease with high mortality rates unless treated early with antibiotics. Currently, no FDA-approved vaccine against plague is available for human use. The capsular antigen F1, the low-calcium-response V antigen (LcrV), and the recombinant fusion protein (rF1-LcrV) of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> are leading subunit vaccine candidates under intense investigation; however, the inability of recombinant antigens to provide complete protection against pneumonic plague in animal models remains a significant concern. In this study, we compared immunoprotection against pneumonic plague provided by rF1, rV10 (a truncation of LcrV), and rF1-V10, and vaccinations delivered <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> aerosolized intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. We further considered three vaccine formulations: conventional liquid, dry powder produced by spray freeze drying, or dry powder reconstituted in PBS. The main findings are: (i) rF1-V10 immunization with any formulation <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> i.t. or s.c. routes conferred 100% protection against <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> i.t. infection; (ii) rF1 or rV10 immunization using i.t. delivery provided significantly stronger protection than rF1 or rV10 immunization <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> s.c. delivery; and (iii) powder formulations of subunit vaccines induced immune responses and provided protection equivalent to those elicited by unprocessed liquid formulations of vaccines. Our data indicate that immunization with a powder formulation of rF1-V10 vaccines <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> an i.t. route may be a promising vaccination strategy for providing protective immunity against pneumonic plague.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.793382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T04:41:13Z","timestamp":1643172073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Complete Protection Against Yersinia pestis in BALB\/c Mouse Model Elicited by Immunization With Inhalable Formulations of rF1-V10 Fusion Protein via Aerosolized Intratracheal Inoculation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingfei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.129","article-title":"Prospects for New Plague Vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Feodorova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.08.031","article-title":"Molecular History of Plague","volume":"22","author":"Drancourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00106","article-title":"Yersinia Pestis: Mechanisms of Entry Into and Resistance to the Host Cell","volume":"3","author":"Ke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00602","article-title":"Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends","volume":"7","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00044-19","article-title":"Yersinia Pestis: The Natural History of Plague","volume":"34","author":"Barbieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia Pestis\u2013Etiologic Agent of Plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01519-17","article-title":"Plague: Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509544103","article-title":"Role of the Yersinia Pestis Plasminogen Activator in the Incidence of Distinct Septicemic and Bubonic Forms of Flea-Borne Plague","volume":"103","author":"Sebbane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.11.008","article-title":"Pneumonic Plague: The Darker Side of Yersinia Pestis","volume":"24","author":"Pechous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60566-2","article-title":"Plague","volume":"369","author":"Prentice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2281","article-title":"Plague as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management. 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