{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:02:27Z","timestamp":1780513347993,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most interesting biological models is that of snail\u2013trematode interactions, many of which ultimately result in the transmission of several important diseases, particularly in the tropics. Herein, we review the scientific advances on a trematode\u2013snail system in which certain populations of <jats:italic>Pseudosuccinea columella<\/jats:italic> (a common host species for trematodes) have been demonstrated naturally-resistant to <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>, in association with an effective encapsulation of the parasite by innate immune cells of the host, the hemocytes. Emphasis is made on the molecular and immunological features characterizing each <jats:italic>P. columella<\/jats:italic> phenotype in relation to their anti-parasitic competence, their distinctive ecological patterns and the existence of a significant cost of resistance. An integrative overview of the resistance to <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic> through comparative immunobiology, genetics and ecology is presented to hypothesize on the possible origins and evolution of this phenomenon and to postulate significant roles for parasite mediated-selection and environmental factors in shaping and maintaining the resistant phenotype in the field. Lastly, clues into future experimental perspectives to deeply characterize the interplay between <jats:italic>P. columella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic> and the immunobiology of the resistance are also included. The advances revised in the present paper are only beginning to unravel mechanisms of anti-parasite innate defense responses and their evolutionary bases, and can facilitate the development of prospective approaches towards practical applications of <jats:italic>P. columella<\/jats:italic> resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.794186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T04:58:55Z","timestamp":1643000335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunological Resistance of Pseudosuccinea columella Snails From Cuba to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) Infection: What We Know and Where We Go on Comparative Molecular and Mechanistic Immunobiology, Ecology and Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Annia","family":"Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio A.","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gourbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00633.x","article-title":"Genetic Variation in a Host-Parasite Association: Potential for Coevolution and Frequency-Dependent Selection","volume":"55","author":"Joachim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01753.x","article-title":"Disease Ecology Meets Ecological Immunology: Understanding the Links Between Organismal Immunity and Infection Dynamics in Natural Populations","volume":"25","author":"Hawley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01442-3","article-title":"Dynamics of Host\u2013Parasite Interactions: The Example of Population Biology of the Liver Fluke (Fasciola Hepatica)","volume":"3","author":"Hurtrez-Bouss\u00e8s","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35015069","article-title":"Parasite Adaptation to Locally Common Host Genotypes","volume":"405","author":"Lively","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01568.x","article-title":"Ecological Feedbacks and the Evolution of Resistance","volume":"78","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anim Ecol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001881","article-title":"How Does Human-Induced Environmental Change Influence Host-Parasite Interactions","volume":"141","author":"Budria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0925","article-title":"How Environmental Stress Affects the Impacts of Parasites","volume":"44","author":"Lafferty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.004","article-title":"Environment can Alter Selection in Host-Parasite Interactions","volume":"25","author":"Wolinska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology and Genetics","author":"Schmid-Hempel","year":"2011"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8059-5_2","article-title":"Gastropod Immunobiology","volume":"708","author":"Loker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13984","article-title":"Self-Fertilization, Long-Distance Flash Invasion and Biogeography Shape the Population Structure of Pseudosuccinea Columella at the Worldwide Scale","volume":"26","author":"Lounnas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3155-3","article-title":"Fasciola Hepatica - Pseudosuccinea Columella Interaction: Effect of Increasing Parasite Doses, Successive Exposures and Geographic Origin on the Infection Outcome of Naturally-Resistant and Susceptible Snails From Cuba","volume":"11","author":"Alba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X13000382","article-title":"Fasciola Hepatica in Cuba: Compatibility of Different Isolates With Two Intermediate Intermediate Hosts, Galba Cubensis and Pseudosuccinea Columella","volume":"88","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Helminthol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005299","article-title":"Are Biomphalaria Snails Resistant to Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"79","author":"Th\u00e8ron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.025","article-title":"Multi-Parasite Host Susceptibility and Multi-Host Parasite Infectivity: A New Approach of the Biomphalaria Glabrata\/Schistosoma Mansoni Compatibility Polymorphism","volume":"26","author":"Th\u00e8ron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.05.014","article-title":"Detection and Genetic Distance of Resistant Populations of Pseudosuccinea Columella (Mollusca: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) Using RAPD Markers","volume":"92","author":"Calienes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.103485","article-title":"The Immunobiological Interplay Between Pseudosuccinea Columella Resistant\/Susceptible Snails With Fasciola Hepatica: Hemocytes in the Spotlight","volume":"102","author":"Alba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.103463","article-title":"Field-Occurring Resistance to Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda) in Pseudosuccinea Columella Snails: A Review From Literature and Insights From Comparative \u201cOmic\u201d Analyses","volume":"101","author":"Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50894-7","article-title":"Patterns of Distribution, Population Genetics and Ecological Requirements of Field-Occurring Resistant and Susceptible","volume":"9","author":"Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0625-4","article-title":"Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea): Its Effect on the Life History Traits of Pseudosuccinea Columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), an Uncommon Interaction","volume":"88","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B21","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n Y Preferencia De H\u00e1bitats De Moluscos Hospederos Intermediarios De Fasciola Hepatica En Cuba","volume":"61","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1303-1","article-title":"Assessment of the FasciMol-ELISA in the Detection of the Trematode Fasciola Hepatica in Field-Collected Galba Cubensis: A Novel Tool for the Malacological Survey of Fasciolosis Transmission","volume":"9","author":"Alba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000350","article-title":"First Report of Larval Stages of Fasciola Hepatica in a Wild Population of Pseudosuccinea Columella From Cuba and the Caribbean","volume":"85","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002255","article-title":"Towards the Comprehension of Fasciolosis Re-Emergence: An Integrative Overview","volume":"148","author":"Alba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15001029","article-title":"Genetic and Infective Diversity of the Common Liver Fluke Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) From Cuba","volume":"14","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4653-2","article-title":"Natural Prevalence in Cuban Populations of the Lymnaeid Snail Galba Cubensis Infected With the Liver Fluke Fasciola Hepatica: Small Values do Matter","volume":"114","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108955","article-title":"Reviewing Fasciola Hepatica Transmission in the West Indies and Novel Perceptions From Experimental Infections of Sympatric vs. Allopatric Snail\/Fluke Combinations","volume":"275","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0824-z","article-title":"Evidence of Phenotypic Differences Between Resistant and Susceptible Isolates of Pseudosuccinea Columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) in Cuba","volume":"90","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2003.12.006","article-title":"Fasciola Hepatica: Identification of Molecular Markers for Resistant and Susceptible Pseudosuccinea Columella Snail Hosts","volume":"105","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001115","article-title":"Involvement of the Cytokine MIF in the Snail Host Immune Response to the Parasite Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"6","author":"Baeza-Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0778:IONOIK]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Killing of Schistosoma Mansoni Sporocysts by Hemocytes From Resistant Biomphalaria Glabrata","volume":"87","author":"Hahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02561","article-title":"Beta-1, 3-Glucan Modulates PKC Signalling in Lymnaea Stagnalis Defence Cells: A Role for PKC in H2O2 Production and Downstream ERK Activation","volume":"209","author":"Lacchini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051102","article-title":"Early Differential Gene Expression in Haemocytes From Resistant and Susceptible Biomphalaria Glabrata Strains in Response to Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"7","author":"Lockyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005513","article-title":"A Novel Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Influences Compatibility Between the Gastropod Biomphalaria Glabrata, and the Digenean Trematode Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"12","author":"Pila","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006081","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Biomphalaria Glabrata Plasma Proteins With Binding Affinity to Those Expressed by Early Developing Larval Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003792","article-title":"Parental Transfer of the Antimicrobial Protein LBP\/BPI Protects Biomphalaria Glabrata Eggs Against Oomycete Infections","volume":"9","author":"Baron","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.06.014","article-title":"Three Goose-Type Lysozymes in the Gastropod Oncomelania Hupensis: cDNA Sequences and Lytic Activity of Recombinant Proteins","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"The Evolution of Life Histories","author":"Stearns","year":"1992"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521239113","article-title":"Endogenous Growth Factor Stimulation of Hemocyte Proliferation Induces Resistance to Schistosoma Mansoni Challenge in the Snail Host","volume":"113","author":"Pila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"185\n            PereraG\n          Th\u00e8se de Doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Perpignan\u00c9cologie Des Mollusques D\u2019eau Douce D\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat M\u00e9dical Et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire a Cuba1996"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Competition Between Fossaria Cubensis and Two Isolates (Susceptible and Resistant to Fasciola Hepatica) of Pseudosuccinea Columella Under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"35","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Haliotis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000700007","article-title":"Variation of Snail\u2019s Abundance in Two Water Bodies Harboring Strains of Pseudosuccinea Columella Resistant and Susceptible to Fasciola Hepatica Miracidial Infection, in Pinar Del R\u00edo Province, Cuba","volume":"100","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.04.003","article-title":"Biochemical Alterations Induced in Hediste Diversicolor Under Seawater Acidification Conditions","volume":"117","author":"Freitas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39617-0_8","article-title":"Acid-Base Regulation in Insect Hemolymph","volume-title":"Acid-Base Balance and Nitrogen Excretion in Invertebrates: Mechanisms and Strategies in Various Invertebrate Groups With Considerations of Challenges Caused by Ocean Acidification","author":"Mattews","year":"2017"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Pulmonates","author":"Duncan","year":"1975"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Freshwater Snails (Basommatophora)","volume-title":"The Mollusca","author":"Geraerts","year":"1984"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01738.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine-Immune Crosstalk in Vertebrates and Invertebrates: Implications for Host Defence","volume":"25","author":"Demas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033820","article-title":"First Evidence of Immunomodulation in Bivalves Under Seawater Acidification and Increased Temperature","volume":"7","author":"Matozzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148477","article-title":"Ocean Acidification Affects Hemocyte Physiology in the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes Bairdi)","volume":"11","author":"Meseck","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.06.011","article-title":"Constitutive Differences in Cu\/Zn Superoxide Dismutase mRNA Levels and Activity in Hemocytes of Biomphalaria Glabrata (Mollusca) That Are Either Susceptible or Resistant to Schistosoma Mansoni (Trematoda)","volume":"137","author":"Goodall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.11.004","article-title":"Resistance of Biomphalaria Glabrata 13-16-R1 Snails to Schistosoma Mansoni PR1 Is a Function of Haemocyte Abundance and Constitutive Levels of Specific Transcripts in Haemocytes","volume":"44","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1016","article-title":"Schistosoma Mansoni: Interleukin-1 Increases Phagocytosis and Superoxide Production by Hemocytes and Decreases Output of Cercariae in Schistosome-Susceptible Biomphalaria Glabrata","volume":"80","author":"Connors","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.04.004","article-title":"Characterization and Expression Analysis of EF Hand Domain-Containing Calcium-Regulatory Gene From Disk Abalone: Calcium Homeostasis and its Role in Immunity","volume":"29","author":"Nikapitiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x","article-title":"Trade-Offs in Evolutionary Immunology: Just What is the Cost of Immunity","volume":"88","author":"Lochmiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"OIKOS"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3002-2-7","article-title":"Separation of Metabolic Supply and Demand: Aerobic Glycolysis as a Normal Physiological Response to Fluctuating Energetic Demands in the Membrane","volume":"2","author":"Epstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.09.022","article-title":"The Immune System is Limited by Oxidative Stress: Dietary Selenium Promotes Optimal Antioxidative Status and Greatest Immune Defense in Pacu Piaractus Mesopotamicus","volume":"47","author":"Biller-Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"Comparative Biology of Susceptible and Naturally-Resistant Pseudosuccinea Columella Snails to Fasciola Hepatica Infection in Cuba: Ecological, Molecular and Phenotypical Aspects197\n            AlbaA\n          PhD Thesis in Biology Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Perpignan2018"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-80","article-title":"Parasite-Mediated Disruptive Selection in a Natural Daphnia Population","volume":"8","author":"Duffy","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01833.x","article-title":"Host-Parasite Coevolution: Evidence for Rare Advantage and Time-Lagged Selection in a Natural Population","volume":"52","author":"Dybdahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Helmintolog\u00eda Humana","author":"Kour\u00ed","year":"1963"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.10.005","article-title":"Fascioliasis: Can Cuba Conquer This Emerging Parasitosis","volume":"26","author":"Rojas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"Desarrollo De Ensayos Inmunoenzima\u0301tico Y Molecular Para La Deteccio\u0301n De Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) En Moluscos Hospederos: Evaluacio\u0301n Del Sistema FasciMol-ELISA Como Herramienta Para La Vigilancia Epidemiolo\u0301gica. PhD Thesis in Health Sciences152\n            AlbaA\n          10.13140\/RG.2.2.12459.08485Instituto Pedro Kouri de Medicina Tropical de la Habana, Cuba2016"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"16","article-title":"Estudios Ecol\u00f3gicos En Moluscos De Importancia M\u00e9dico-Veterinaria En La Granja De Desarrollo La Coca","volume":"62","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"n040410","article-title":"Prevalencia, Decomisos De H\u00edgado Y P\u00e9rdidas Econ\u00f3micas Por Fasciola Hepatica En Mataderos Bovinos De Tres Provincias De La Regi\u00f3n Central De Cuba","volume":"11","author":"Brito","year":"2010","journal-title":"REDVET"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Comportamiento Cl\u00ednico-Terap\u00e9utico De Fasciola Hepatica En Una Serie De 87 Pacientes","volume":"63","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.01.003","article-title":"Use of Sentinel Snails for the Detection of Schistosoma Haematobium Transmission on Zanzibar and Observations on Transmission Patterns","volume":"128","author":"Allan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.874","article-title":"An Experimental Heat Wave Changes Immune Defense and Life History Traits in a Freshwater Snail","volume":"3","author":"Leicht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.00995.x","article-title":"Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Immune Defense of a Freshwater Snail: Role of Environmental Heterogeneity","volume":"64","author":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-192","article-title":"Infection Success of Echinoparyphium Aconiatum (Trematoda) in Its Snail Host Under High Temperature: Role of Host Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Leicht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002677","article-title":"Reversing the Resistance Phenotype of the Biomphalaria Glabrata Snail Host Schistosoma Mansoni Infection by Temperature Modulation","volume":"8","author":"Ittiprasert","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epigenetic Modulation, Stress and Plasticity in Susceptibility of the Snail Host, Biomphalaria Glabrata, to Schistosoma Mansoni Infection","volume":"46","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas8694","article-title":"A Landscape of Disgust","volume":"359","author":"Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.794186\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T04:59:03Z","timestamp":1643000343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.794186\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.794186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.794186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"article-number":"794186"}}