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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to maternal HIV in pregnancy may be a risk factor for impaired child neurodevelopment during the first years of life. Altered neurometabolites have been associated with HIV exposure in older children and may help explain the mechanisms underlying this risk. For the first time, we explored neurometabolic profiles of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) compared to children who are HIV-unexposed (CHU) at 2-3 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The South African Drakenstein Child Health Study enrolled women during pregnancy and is following mother-child pairs through childhood. MRI scans were acquired on a sub-group of children at 2-3 years. We used single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure brain metabolite ratios to total creatine in the parietal grey matter, and left and right parietal white matter of 83 children (36 CHEU; 47 CHU). Using factor analysis, we explored brain metabolite patterns in predefined parietal voxels in these groups using logistic regression models. Differences in relative concentrations of individual metabolites (n-acetyl-aspartate, myo-inositol, total choline, and glutamate) to total creatine between CHEU and CHU groups were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Factor analysis revealed four different metabolite patterns, each one characterized by covarying ratios of a single metabolite in parietal grey and white matter. The cross-regional pattern dominated by myo-inositol, a marker for glial reactivity and inflammation, was associated with HIV exposure status (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.11\u20132.50) which held after adjusting for child age, sex, and maternal alcohol use during pregnancy (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.07 \u20132.47). Additionally, higher relative concentrations of myo-inositol to total creatine were found in left and right parietal white matter of CHEU compared to CHU (p=0.025 and p=0.001 respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased ratios of myo-inositol to total creatine in parietal brain regions at age 2-3 years in CHEU are suggestive of early and ongoing neuroinflammatory processes. Altered relative concentrations of neurometabolites were found predominantly in the white matter, which is sensitive to neuroinflammation, and may contribute to developmental risk in this population. Future work on the trajectory of myo-inositol over time in CHEU, alongside markers of neurocognitive development, and the potential for specific neurodevelopmental interventions will be useful.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.800273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T16:36:32Z","timestamp":1648571792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Neurometabolic Pattern of Elevated Myo-Inositol in Children Who Are HIV-Exposed and Uninfected: A South African Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cesc","family":"Bertran-Cobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Wedderburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances 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