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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, provoking liver and spleen tissue destruction that is lethal unless treated. The parasite replicates in macrophages and modulates host microbicidal responses. We have previously reported that neutrophil elastase (NE) is required to sustain <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> intracellular growth in macrophages through the induction of interferon beta (IFN-\u03b2). Here, we show that the gene expression of IFN-\u03b2 by infected macrophages was reduced by half when TLR4 was blocked by pre-treatment with neutralizing antibodies or in macrophages from <jats:italic>tlr2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> mice, while the levels in macrophages from <jats:italic>myd<\/jats:italic>88<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> mice were comparable to those from wild-type C57BL\/6 mice. The neutralization of TLR4 in <jats:italic>tlr2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> macrophages completely abolished induction of IFN-\u03b2 gene expression upon parasite infection, indicating an additive role for both TLRs. Induction of type I interferon (IFN-I), OASL2, SOD1, and IL10 gene expression by <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> was completely abolished in macrophages from NE knock-out mice (<jats:italic>ela2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) or from protein kinase R (PKR) knock-out mice (<jats:italic>pkr<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>), and in C57BL\/6 macrophages infected with transgenic <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> expressing the inhibitor of serine peptidase 2 (ISP2). Parasite intracellular growth was impaired in <jats:italic>pkr<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> macrophages but was fully restored by the addition of exogenous IFN-\u03b2, and parasite burdens were reduced in the spleen of <jats:italic>pkr<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> mice at 7 days, as compared to the 129Sv\/Ev background mice. Furthermore, parasites were unable to grow in macrophages lacking TLR3, which correlated with lack of IFN-I gene expression. Thus, <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> engages innate responses in infected macrophages <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> TLR2, TLR4, and TLR3, <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> downstream PKR, to induce the expression of pro-survival genes in the host cell, and guarantee parasite intracellular development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.801182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T05:03:35Z","timestamp":1643346215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Toll-Like Receptor- and Protein Kinase R-Induced Type I Interferon Sustains Infection of Leishmania donovani in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruna T.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Goundry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aislan C.","family":"Vivarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana F. 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