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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic> (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult <jats:italic>L. salmonis<\/jats:italic>-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed <jats:italic>Aeromonas salmonicida<\/jats:italic> bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection\/infection group (PBS\/no lice, PBS\/lice, ASAL\/no lice, and ASAL\/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS\/lice <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. PBS\/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL\/lice <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. ASAL\/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes \u2013albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)\u2013 suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL\/lice <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. PBS\/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL\/no lice <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. PBS\/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin\u2019s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL\/lice <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. PBS\/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., <jats:italic>mbl2b<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>bcl6<\/jats:italic>) and synergistic (e.g., <jats:italic>hampa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>il4r<\/jats:italic>) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of <jats:italic>L. salmonis<\/jats:italic>-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.804987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:40:43Z","timestamp":1648514443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin 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