{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:59:39Z","timestamp":1791331179975,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007237","name":"University of North Dakota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007237","name":"University of North Dakota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (syn.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lamblia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), is one of the most commonly-identified parasitic diseases worldwide. Chronic\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections cause a malabsorption syndrome that may lead to failure to thrive and\/or stunted growth, especially in children in developing countries. Understanding the parasite\/epithelial cell crosstalk at the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine during human giardiasis may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasite-induced immunopathology and epithelial tissue damage, leading to malnutrition. Efforts to identify new targets for intervening in the development of intestinal immunopathology and the progression to malnutrition are critical. Translating these findings into a clinical setting will require analysis of these pathways in cells and tissues from humans and clinical trials could be devised to determine whether interfering with unwanted mucosal immune responses developed during human giardiasis provide better therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes for\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.817468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T01:29:14Z","timestamp":1645061354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mucosal Defense Against Giardia at the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Interface"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shahram","family":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","article-title":"Biology of Giardia Lamblia","volume":"14","author":"Adam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.014","article-title":"Giardia Duodenalis: The Double-Edged Sword of Immune Responses in Giardiasis","volume":"126","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Giardiasis Surveillance-United States, 2009-2010","volume":"2012","author":"Yoder","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.015","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium Join the 'Neglected Diseases Initiative'","volume":"22","author":"Savioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An Up-Date on Giardia and Giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005897","article-title":"Echinococcus, Giardia and Cryptosporidium: Observational Studies Challenging Accepted Dogma","volume":"136","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016013","article-title":"Giardia Duodenalis Genetic Assemblages and Hosts","volume":"23","author":"Heyworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw361","article-title":"Identification of Giardia Lamblia Assemblage E in Humans Points to a New Anthropozoonotic Cycle","volume":"214","author":"Fantinatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw036","article-title":"Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia Duodenalis in Brazilian Children","volume":"110","author":"Scalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5081-7","article-title":"The Zoonotic Potential of Giardia Intestinalis Assemblage E in Rural Settings","volume":"115","author":"Abdel-Moein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000439","article-title":"Molecular Typing of Giardia Duodenalis in Humans in Queensland - First Report of Assemblage E","volume":"144","author":"Zahedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00193","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Spp. In Northern Vietnam: Potential Transmission Between Animals and Humans","volume":"12","author":"Iwashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105969","article-title":"First Report of Novel Assemblages and Mixed Infections of Giardia Duodenalis in Human Isolates From New Zealand","volume":"220","author":"Garcia-R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119634","article-title":"The Experimental Transmission of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasites. 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