{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:07:33Z","timestamp":1785514053878,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax caused by <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> is a fatal zoonotic disease with a high lethality and poor prognosis. Inhalational anthrax is the most severe of the three forms of anthrax. The currently licensed commercial human anthrax vaccines require a complex immunization procedure for efficacy and have side effects that limit its use in emergent situations. Thus, development of a better anthrax vaccine is necessary. In this study, we evaluate the potency and efficacy of aerosolized intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation with recombinant protective antigen (rPA) subunit vaccines against aerosolized <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> Pasteur II spores (an attenuated strain) challenge in a B10.D2-Hc<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> mouse (deficient in complement component C5) model. Immunization of rPA in liquid, powder or powder reconstituted formulations <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> i.t. route conferred 100% protection against a 20\u00d7 LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> aerosolized Pasteur II spore challenge in mice, compared with only 50% of subcutaneous (s.c.) injection with liquid rPA. Consistently, i.t. inoculation of rPA vaccines induced a higher lethal toxin (LeTx) neutralizing antibody titer, a stronger lung mucosal immune response and a greater cellular immune response than s.c. injection. Our results demonstrate that immunization with rPA dry powder vaccine <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> i.t. route may provide a stable and effective strategy to improve currently available anthrax vaccines and B10.D2-Hc<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> mice challenged with <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> attenuated strains might be an alternative model for anthrax vaccine candidate screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.819089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T05:56:16Z","timestamp":1643176576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aerosolized Intratracheal Inoculation of Recombinant Protective Antigen (rPA) Vaccine Provides Protection Against Inhalational Anthrax in B10.D2-Hc0 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