{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:26:27Z","timestamp":1778894787802,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease associated with\u00a0airway mucus hyper-production. ILC2 cells, which express the Th2 transcription factor GATA3, have been associated with allergic asthma. The cytokine IL-3 is known to\u00a0support eosinophil, basophil and mucosal mast cell differentiation and survival; however, its role on T regulatory cells as well as on lung ILC2 and in pediatric asthma needs further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the role of IL-3 in preschool children and to explore its therapeutic role in experimental asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cohort of preschool children with and without asthma, we analyzed the secretion of IL-3 in nasopharyngeal fluid (NPF) and IL-3 receptor (R) alpha chain mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In a murine model of allergic asthma, we analyzed the phenotype of wild-type untreated and rIL-3 intranasally treated asthmatic mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IL-3 was found downregulated in the nasopharyngeal fluid of children with partially controlled asthma, as compared to control children. Moreover, IL-3 was found induced in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMCs from children with asthma and treated with steroids. Finally, IL-3 in NPF directly correlated with the anti-inflammatory molecule sST2 in steroid-treated asthmatic children. Intranasal rIL-3 delivery <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> during the challenge phase decreased airway mucus production and inflammatory eosinophils. Moreover, rIL-3 given during the challenge phase, reduced lung ST2<jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>GATA3+ILC2, accompanied by an induction of T regulatory cells in the airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>IL-3 was found associated with steroid-resolved asthma. Moreover, treatment with rIL-3 resulted in amelioration of airway eosinophilia and mucus production, two main pathophysiological conditions associated with asthma in a murine model of allergic asthma. Thus, rIL-3 opens new strategies for immunotherapy of this\u00a0disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.821658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T08:00:58Z","timestamp":1645603258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Immunoregulatory Role of Interleukin-3 in Allergic 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