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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild pigs usually showed high tolerance and resistance to several diseases in the wild environment, suggesting that the gut bacteria of wild pigs could be a good source for discovering potential probiotic strains. In our study, wild pig feces were sequenced and showed a higher relative abundance of the genus <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> (43.61% vs. 2.01%) than that in the domestic pig. A total of 11 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains including two <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>, six <jats:italic>L. mucosae<\/jats:italic>, one <jats:italic>L. fermentum<\/jats:italic>, one <jats:italic>L. delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>, and one <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> species were isolated. To investigate the synergistic effects of mixed probiotics strains, the mixture of 11 LAB strains from an intestinal ecology system was orally administrated in mice for 3 weeks, then the mice were challenged with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> CFU) and euthanized after challenge. Mice administrated with LAB strains showed higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) LAB counts in feces and ileum. Moreover, alterations of specific bacterial genera occurred, including the higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) relative abundance of <jats:italic>Butyricicoccus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> IV and the lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) abundance of <jats:italic>Enterorhabdus<\/jats:italic> in mice fed with mixed LAB strains. Mice challenged with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> showed vacuolization of the liver, lower GSH in serum, and lower villus to the crypt proportion and Claudin-3 level in the gut. In contrast, administration of mixed LAB strains attenuated inflammation of the liver and gut, especially the lowered IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) in the gut. Our study highlighted the importance of gut bacterial diversity and the immunomodulation effects of LAB strains mixture from wild pig in gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.822754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T05:32:25Z","timestamp":1643175145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Lactic Acid Bacteria Mixture Isolated From Wild Pig Alleviated the Gut Inflammation of Mice Challenged by Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongyan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangdi","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283x13482996","article-title":"Role of the Gut Microbiota in Health and Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease: Understanding a Hidden Metabolic Organ","volume":"6","author":"Guinane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction Between Microbiota and Immunity in Health and Disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104080","article-title":"Probiotics as an Alternative Antimicrobial Therapy: Current Reality and Future Directions","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Funct Foods"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document. 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